Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is gas exchange?
What is gas exchange?
Oxygen enters blood and carbon dioxide leaves.
How is the regulation of blood pH altered?
How is the regulation of blood pH altered?
By changing carbon dioxide levels.
What is voice production?
What is voice production?
Movement of air past vocal folds makes sound and speech.
What is olfaction?
What is olfaction?
What does protection refer to in the respiratory system?
What does protection refer to in the respiratory system?
The nervous system works through the secretion of _________, whereas the endocrine system works via secretion of ____________.
The nervous system works through the secretion of _________, whereas the endocrine system works via secretion of ____________.
Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?
Which of the following sets of hormones are antagonists?
Which of the following sets of hormones are antagonists?
What does the adrenal medulla secrete?
What does the adrenal medulla secrete?
What does the thyroid gland secrete?
What does the thyroid gland secrete?
What does the pancreas secrete?
What does the pancreas secrete?
What does the pineal gland secrete?
What does the pineal gland secrete?
What does the parathyroid gland secrete?
What does the parathyroid gland secrete?
What does the adrenal cortex secrete?
What does the adrenal cortex secrete?
What does the anterior pituitary secrete?
What does the anterior pituitary secrete?
Which of the following is NOT true regarding endocrine histology?
Which of the following is NOT true regarding endocrine histology?
What are surfactants?
What are surfactants?
What is compliance in the respiratory system?
What is compliance in the respiratory system?
What is tidal volume (TV)?
What is tidal volume (TV)?
What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?
What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?
What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?
What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?
What is residual volume (RV)?
What is residual volume (RV)?
What is inspiratory capacity (IC)?
What is inspiratory capacity (IC)?
What is functional residual capacity (FRC)?
What is functional residual capacity (FRC)?
What is vital capacity (VC)?
What is vital capacity (VC)?
What is total lung capacity (TLC)?
What is total lung capacity (TLC)?
What happened to airflow as radius was decreased?
What happened to airflow as radius was decreased?
What effect did the addition of surfactant have?
What effect did the addition of surfactant have?
What is the conducting zone?
What is the conducting zone?
What is the respiratory zone?
What is the respiratory zone?
During the rat simulation, which rat had the fastest baseline metabolic rate and why?
During the rat simulation, which rat had the fastest baseline metabolic rate and why?
What effect did injecting thyroxine have on the metabolic rate?
What effect did injecting thyroxine have on the metabolic rate?
Why does thyroxine have those effects?
Why does thyroxine have those effects?
Was there a change in the metabolic rate of the rat with administration of TSH?
Was there a change in the metabolic rate of the rat with administration of TSH?
What was the effect when Propylthiouracil was administered?
What was the effect when Propylthiouracil was administered?
What is an ECG?
What is an ECG?
What does the P wave represent?
What does the P wave represent?
What does the QRS complex represent?
What does the QRS complex represent?
What does the T wave represent?
What does the T wave represent?
What are the SNS effects on the heart?
What are the SNS effects on the heart?
What are the PNS effects on the heart?
What are the PNS effects on the heart?
What are the SNS effects on blood vessels?
What are the SNS effects on blood vessels?
What are the PNS effects on blood vessels?
What are the PNS effects on blood vessels?
What are the SNS effects on metabolic rate?
What are the SNS effects on metabolic rate?
What are the PNS effects on metabolic rate?
What are the PNS effects on metabolic rate?
What are the SNS effects on urinary function?
What are the SNS effects on urinary function?
What are the PNS effects on urinary function?
What are the PNS effects on urinary function?
What are the SNS effects on digestive functions?
What are the SNS effects on digestive functions?
What are the PNS effects on digestive functions?
What are the PNS effects on digestive functions?
What is the pulmonary circuit?
What is the pulmonary circuit?
What is the systemic circuit?
What is the systemic circuit?
What are the 3 types of blood vessels?
What are the 3 types of blood vessels?
What do arteries do?
What do arteries do?
What do veins do?
What do veins do?
What do capillaries do?
What do capillaries do?
What is coronary circulation?
What is coronary circulation?
Which has a greater effect on blood flow, changing the radius or the viscosity?
Which has a greater effect on blood flow, changing the radius or the viscosity?
What is viscosity?
What is viscosity?
What is the purpose of the compensatory pause after an extrasystole?
What is the purpose of the compensatory pause after an extrasystole?
What are the effects of vagus on the heart?
What are the effects of vagus on the heart?
What does atropine do?
What does atropine do?
What does epinephrine do?
What does epinephrine do?
What does the vagus nerve release?
What does the vagus nerve release?
What does atropine do?
What does atropine do?
What does epinephrine do?
What does epinephrine do?
Where is the brachiocephalic artery located?
Where is the brachiocephalic artery located?
What does the celiac trunk supply?
What does the celiac trunk supply?
Where is the inferior mesenteric artery located?
Where is the inferior mesenteric artery located?
Where is the renal artery located?
Where is the renal artery located?
Where is the splenic artery located?
Where is the splenic artery located?
What does the superior mesenteric artery serve?
What does the superior mesenteric artery serve?
Where is the basilar artery located?
Where is the basilar artery located?
Where is the circle of Willis located?
Where is the circle of Willis located?
Where is the external carotid artery located?
Where is the external carotid artery located?
Where is the internal carotid artery located?
Where is the internal carotid artery located?
Where is the temporal artery located?
Where is the temporal artery located?
Where is the vertebral artery located?
Where is the vertebral artery located?
Where is the axillary artery located?
Where is the axillary artery located?
Where is the brachial artery located?
Where is the brachial artery located?
Where is the radial artery located?
Where is the radial artery located?
Where is the subclavian artery located?
Where is the subclavian artery located?
Where is the ulnar artery located?
Where is the ulnar artery located?
Where is the dorsalis pedis artery located?
Where is the dorsalis pedis artery located?
Where is the femoral artery located?
Where is the femoral artery located?
Where is the posterior tibial artery located?
Where is the posterior tibial artery located?
Where is the brachiocephalic vein located?
Where is the brachiocephalic vein located?
Where is the hepatic portal vein located?
Where is the hepatic portal vein located?
Where is the inferior mesenteric vein located?
Where is the inferior mesenteric vein located?
Where is the renal vein located?
Where is the renal vein located?
Where is the splenic vein located?
Where is the splenic vein located?
Where is the superior mesenteric vein located?
Where is the superior mesenteric vein located?
Where are dural sinuses located?
Where are dural sinuses located?
Where is the internal jugular vein located?
Where is the internal jugular vein located?
Where is the basilic vein located?
Where is the basilic vein located?
Where is the brachial vein located?
Where is the brachial vein located?
Where is the cephalic vein located?
Where is the cephalic vein located?
Where is the subclavian vein located?
Where is the subclavian vein located?
Where is the femoral vein located?
Where is the femoral vein located?
Study Notes
Gas Exchange
- Oxygen enters the blood while carbon dioxide is expelled.
Regulation of Blood pH
- Blood pH is influenced by changes in carbon dioxide levels.
Voice Production
- Sound and speech result from air movement across vocal folds.
Olfaction
- Smell is triggered by airborne molecules entering the nasal cavity.
Protection
- The respiratory system protects against microorganisms by preventing entry and aiding in their removal.
Nervous vs Endocrine Systems
- Nervous system utilizes neurotransmitters; endocrine system uses hormones for signaling.
Hypothalamus Functions
- Does not stimulate hormone release from the posterior pituitary; it produces ADH and oxytocin, and regulates the anterior pituitary.
Antagonistic Hormones
- Glucagon and insulin function as antagonists in regulating blood glucose levels.
Hormones Secreted by Adrenal Medulla
- Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to stress.
Hormones from Thyroid Gland
- Secretes thyroxine and triiodothyronine, crucial for metabolism.
Pancreatic Hormones
- Produces insulin and glucagon, regulating blood sugar levels.
Pineal Gland Function
- Secretes melatonin, regulating sleep-wake cycles.
Parathyroid Gland Hormones
- Releases parathyroid hormone, vital for calcium homeostasis.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones
- Secretes various steroid hormones, important for metabolism and immune response.
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
- Releases thyroid-stimulating hormone and growth hormone, influencing growth and metabolism.
Endocrine Histology
- The pancreas has both endocrine (insulin, glucagon) and exocrine functions but not in the manner described in option B.
Surfactants
- Act to reduce surface tension in the lungs, enhancing lung compliance.
Lung Compliance
- Refers to how easily the lungs can be inflated.
Lung Volumes
- Tidal Volume (TV): Air exchanged during quiet breathing.
- Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): Air forcefully inhaled after TV.
- Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): Air forcefully exhaled after TV.
- Residual Volume (RV): Air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation.
- Inspiratory Capacity (IC): TV plus IRV.
- Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): Air in lungs after tidal expiration.
- Vital Capacity (VC): Total air exchanged (TV + IRV + ERV).
- Total Lung Capacity (TLC): Total air in lungs (TV + IRV + ERV + RV).
Airflow Changes
- Decreased radius reduces total airflow; addition of surfactant increases airflow.
Conducting vs Respiratory Zones
- Conducting Zone: No gas exchange; ciliated for debris removal.
- Respiratory Zone: Site of gas exchange; respiratory bronchioles lead to alveoli.
Rat Metabolic Rates
- Normal rat shows highest baseline metabolic rate due to intact thyroid and pituitary glands.
- Injection of thyroxine boosts metabolic rate and O2 consumption.
Thyroid Regulation
- TSH increases metabolic activity by stimulating T3 and T4 secretion.
- Proplthiouracil decreases metabolic rate by inhibiting thyroxine production.
ECG and Heart Waves
- ECG (electrocardiogram) records heart's electrical events.
- P wave: Atria depolarization.
- QRS complex: Ventricular depolarization.
- T wave: Ventricular repolarization.
Autonomic Nervous System Effects
- SNS (Sympathetic Nervous System): Increases heart rate, causes vasoconstriction, and boosts metabolic rate.
- PNS (Parasympathetic Nervous System): Decreases heart rate, promotes vasodilation, and stimulates digestive functions.
Blood Circuits
- Pulmonary Circuit: Transports blood to/from lungs.
- Systemic Circuit: Transports blood to/from body.
Blood Vessels
- Types: Arteries (carry blood away from heart), veins (return blood to heart), capillaries (exchange materials).
Coronary Circulation
- Supplies blood and nutrients to heart muscle.
Blood Flow Regulation
- Changing vessel radius significantly affects blood flow compared to viscosity.
Viscosity
- Refers to the thickness of the blood, influencing its flow.
Extrasystole and Heart Rhythm
- Compensatory pause resets the heart rhythm following an extrasystole.
Vagus Nerve Effects
- Released acetylcholine slows down the heart rate.
Cardiovascular Agents
- Atropine increases heart rate by blocking acetylcholine.
- Epinephrine boosts heart rate as part of the "fight or flight" response.
Major Arteries and Supply Regions
- Brachiocephalic artery: Supplies right arm and head/neck.
- Celiac trunk: Supplies upper abdominal organs.
- Renal artery: Supplies kidneys.
- Axillary artery: Supplies axilla and pectoral girdle.
Veins and Drainage Regions
- Renal vein: Drains kidneys.
- Splenic vein: Drains spleen, stomach, pancreas into hepatic portal vein.
- Internal jugular vein: Drains brain, face, and neck.
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Test your knowledge of key concepts in anatomy and physiology with these flashcards. Focus on crucial processes such as gas exchange, blood pH regulation, voice production, and olfaction. Perfect for A&P2 students preparing for practical exams.
