Questions and Answers
What is gas exchange?
Oxygen enters blood and carbon dioxide leaves.
How is the regulation of blood pH altered?
By changing carbon dioxide levels.
What is voice production?
Movement of air past vocal folds makes sound and speech.
What is olfaction?
Signup and view all the answers
What does protection refer to in the respiratory system?
Signup and view all the answers
The nervous system works through the secretion of _________, whereas the endocrine system works via secretion of ____________.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following sets of hormones are antagonists?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the adrenal medulla secrete?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the thyroid gland secrete?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the pancreas secrete?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the pineal gland secrete?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the parathyroid gland secrete?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the adrenal cortex secrete?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the anterior pituitary secrete?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT true regarding endocrine histology?
Signup and view all the answers
What are surfactants?
Signup and view all the answers
What is compliance in the respiratory system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is tidal volume (TV)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is residual volume (RV)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is inspiratory capacity (IC)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is functional residual capacity (FRC)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is vital capacity (VC)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is total lung capacity (TLC)?
Signup and view all the answers
What happened to airflow as radius was decreased?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect did the addition of surfactant have?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the conducting zone?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the respiratory zone?
Signup and view all the answers
During the rat simulation, which rat had the fastest baseline metabolic rate and why?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect did injecting thyroxine have on the metabolic rate?
Signup and view all the answers
Why does thyroxine have those effects?
Signup and view all the answers
Was there a change in the metabolic rate of the rat with administration of TSH?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the effect when Propylthiouracil was administered?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an ECG?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the P wave represent?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the QRS complex represent?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the T wave represent?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the SNS effects on the heart?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the PNS effects on the heart?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the SNS effects on blood vessels?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the PNS effects on blood vessels?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the SNS effects on metabolic rate?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the PNS effects on metabolic rate?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the SNS effects on urinary function?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the PNS effects on urinary function?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the SNS effects on digestive functions?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the PNS effects on digestive functions?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the pulmonary circuit?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the systemic circuit?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the 3 types of blood vessels?
Signup and view all the answers
What do arteries do?
Signup and view all the answers
What do veins do?
Signup and view all the answers
What do capillaries do?
Signup and view all the answers
What is coronary circulation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which has a greater effect on blood flow, changing the radius or the viscosity?
Signup and view all the answers
What is viscosity?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of the compensatory pause after an extrasystole?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the effects of vagus on the heart?
Signup and view all the answers
What does atropine do?
Signup and view all the answers
What does epinephrine do?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the vagus nerve release?
Signup and view all the answers
What does atropine do?
Signup and view all the answers
What does epinephrine do?
Signup and view all the answers
Where is the brachiocephalic artery located?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the celiac trunk supply?
Signup and view all the answers
Where is the inferior mesenteric artery located?
Signup and view all the answers
Where is the renal artery located?
Signup and view all the answers
Where is the splenic artery located?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the superior mesenteric artery serve?
Signup and view all the answers
Where is the basilar artery located?
Signup and view all the answers
Where is the circle of Willis located?
Signup and view all the answers
Where is the external carotid artery located?
Signup and view all the answers
Where is the internal carotid artery located?
Signup and view all the answers
Where is the temporal artery located?
Signup and view all the answers
Where is the vertebral artery located?
Signup and view all the answers
Where is the axillary artery located?
Signup and view all the answers
Where is the brachial artery located?
Signup and view all the answers
Where is the radial artery located?
Signup and view all the answers
Where is the subclavian artery located?
Signup and view all the answers
Where is the ulnar artery located?
Signup and view all the answers
Where is the dorsalis pedis artery located?
Signup and view all the answers
Where is the femoral artery located?
Signup and view all the answers
Where is the posterior tibial artery located?
Signup and view all the answers
Where is the brachiocephalic vein located?
Signup and view all the answers
Where is the hepatic portal vein located?
Signup and view all the answers
Where is the inferior mesenteric vein located?
Signup and view all the answers
Where is the renal vein located?
Signup and view all the answers
Where is the splenic vein located?
Signup and view all the answers
Where is the superior mesenteric vein located?
Signup and view all the answers
Where are dural sinuses located?
Signup and view all the answers
Where is the internal jugular vein located?
Signup and view all the answers
Where is the basilic vein located?
Signup and view all the answers
Where is the brachial vein located?
Signup and view all the answers
Where is the cephalic vein located?
Signup and view all the answers
Where is the subclavian vein located?
Signup and view all the answers
Where is the femoral vein located?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Gas Exchange
- Oxygen enters the blood while carbon dioxide is expelled.
Regulation of Blood pH
- Blood pH is influenced by changes in carbon dioxide levels.
Voice Production
- Sound and speech result from air movement across vocal folds.
Olfaction
- Smell is triggered by airborne molecules entering the nasal cavity.
Protection
- The respiratory system protects against microorganisms by preventing entry and aiding in their removal.
Nervous vs Endocrine Systems
- Nervous system utilizes neurotransmitters; endocrine system uses hormones for signaling.
Hypothalamus Functions
- Does not stimulate hormone release from the posterior pituitary; it produces ADH and oxytocin, and regulates the anterior pituitary.
Antagonistic Hormones
- Glucagon and insulin function as antagonists in regulating blood glucose levels.
Hormones Secreted by Adrenal Medulla
- Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to stress.
Hormones from Thyroid Gland
- Secretes thyroxine and triiodothyronine, crucial for metabolism.
Pancreatic Hormones
- Produces insulin and glucagon, regulating blood sugar levels.
Pineal Gland Function
- Secretes melatonin, regulating sleep-wake cycles.
Parathyroid Gland Hormones
- Releases parathyroid hormone, vital for calcium homeostasis.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones
- Secretes various steroid hormones, important for metabolism and immune response.
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
- Releases thyroid-stimulating hormone and growth hormone, influencing growth and metabolism.
Endocrine Histology
- The pancreas has both endocrine (insulin, glucagon) and exocrine functions but not in the manner described in option B.
Surfactants
- Act to reduce surface tension in the lungs, enhancing lung compliance.
Lung Compliance
- Refers to how easily the lungs can be inflated.
Lung Volumes
- Tidal Volume (TV): Air exchanged during quiet breathing.
- Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): Air forcefully inhaled after TV.
- Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): Air forcefully exhaled after TV.
- Residual Volume (RV): Air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation.
- Inspiratory Capacity (IC): TV plus IRV.
- Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): Air in lungs after tidal expiration.
- Vital Capacity (VC): Total air exchanged (TV + IRV + ERV).
- Total Lung Capacity (TLC): Total air in lungs (TV + IRV + ERV + RV).
Airflow Changes
- Decreased radius reduces total airflow; addition of surfactant increases airflow.
Conducting vs Respiratory Zones
- Conducting Zone: No gas exchange; ciliated for debris removal.
- Respiratory Zone: Site of gas exchange; respiratory bronchioles lead to alveoli.
Rat Metabolic Rates
- Normal rat shows highest baseline metabolic rate due to intact thyroid and pituitary glands.
- Injection of thyroxine boosts metabolic rate and O2 consumption.
Thyroid Regulation
- TSH increases metabolic activity by stimulating T3 and T4 secretion.
- Proplthiouracil decreases metabolic rate by inhibiting thyroxine production.
ECG and Heart Waves
- ECG (electrocardiogram) records heart's electrical events.
- P wave: Atria depolarization.
- QRS complex: Ventricular depolarization.
- T wave: Ventricular repolarization.
Autonomic Nervous System Effects
- SNS (Sympathetic Nervous System): Increases heart rate, causes vasoconstriction, and boosts metabolic rate.
- PNS (Parasympathetic Nervous System): Decreases heart rate, promotes vasodilation, and stimulates digestive functions.
Blood Circuits
- Pulmonary Circuit: Transports blood to/from lungs.
- Systemic Circuit: Transports blood to/from body.
Blood Vessels
- Types: Arteries (carry blood away from heart), veins (return blood to heart), capillaries (exchange materials).
Coronary Circulation
- Supplies blood and nutrients to heart muscle.
Blood Flow Regulation
- Changing vessel radius significantly affects blood flow compared to viscosity.
Viscosity
- Refers to the thickness of the blood, influencing its flow.
Extrasystole and Heart Rhythm
- Compensatory pause resets the heart rhythm following an extrasystole.
Vagus Nerve Effects
- Released acetylcholine slows down the heart rate.
Cardiovascular Agents
- Atropine increases heart rate by blocking acetylcholine.
- Epinephrine boosts heart rate as part of the "fight or flight" response.
Major Arteries and Supply Regions
- Brachiocephalic artery: Supplies right arm and head/neck.
- Celiac trunk: Supplies upper abdominal organs.
- Renal artery: Supplies kidneys.
- Axillary artery: Supplies axilla and pectoral girdle.
Veins and Drainage Regions
- Renal vein: Drains kidneys.
- Splenic vein: Drains spleen, stomach, pancreas into hepatic portal vein.
- Internal jugular vein: Drains brain, face, and neck.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge of key concepts in anatomy and physiology with these flashcards. Focus on crucial processes such as gas exchange, blood pH regulation, voice production, and olfaction. Perfect for A&P2 students preparing for practical exams.