A&P2 Practical 1 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is gas exchange?

Oxygen enters blood and carbon dioxide leaves.

How is the regulation of blood pH altered?

By changing carbon dioxide levels.

What is voice production?

Movement of air past vocal folds makes sound and speech.

What is olfaction?

<p>Smell occurs when airborne molecules are drawn into the nasal cavity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does protection refer to in the respiratory system?

<p>Against microorganisms by preventing entry and removing them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The nervous system works through the secretion of _________, whereas the endocrine system works via secretion of ____________.

<p>neurotransmitters &amp; hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?

<p>Stimulates the production and release of hormones from the posterior pituitary</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sets of hormones are antagonists?

<p>Glucagon and insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

<p>Epinephrine and norepinephrine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the thyroid gland secrete?

<p>Thyroxine and triiodothyronine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the pancreas secrete?

<p>Insulin and glucagon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the pineal gland secrete?

<p>Melatonin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the parathyroid gland secrete?

<p>Parathyroid hormone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the adrenal cortex secrete?

<p>Steroid hormones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the anterior pituitary secrete?

<p>Thyroid-stimulating hormone and growth hormone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT true regarding endocrine histology?

<p>The pancreas has an exocrine portion consisting of pancreatic islets and an endocrine position consisting of acinar</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are surfactants?

<p>They reduce surface tension by disrupting the cohesive forces between water molecules and increase lung compliance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is compliance in the respiratory system?

<p>How easy it is to inflate the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is tidal volume (TV)?

<p>Volume of air exchanged during normal, quiet breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

<p>Volume of air forcefully inspired after a tidal respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

<p>Volume of air forcefully expired after a tidal expiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is residual volume (RV)?

<p>Volume of air remaining in respiratory passages and lungs after the most forceful expiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is inspiratory capacity (IC)?

<p>Tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is functional residual capacity (FRC)?

<p>Volume of air in the lungs after tidal expiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is vital capacity (VC)?

<p>Sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is total lung capacity (TLC)?

<p>Sum of inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes plus the tidal volume and residual volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened to airflow as radius was decreased?

<p>The total airflow was decreased.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect did the addition of surfactant have?

<p>The total airflow was increased.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the conducting zone?

<p>No gas exchange; cartilage holds the tube system open and smooth muscle controls tube diameter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the respiratory zone?

<p>Gas exchange occurs in the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the rat simulation, which rat had the fastest baseline metabolic rate and why?

<p>The normal rat has the fastest metabolic rate because it still had both its thyroid and pituitary gland.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect did injecting thyroxine have on the metabolic rate?

<p>Thyroxine increased the O2 and metabolic rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does thyroxine have those effects?

<p>Because it increases the basal metabolic rate, stimulates Na/K and ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Was there a change in the metabolic rate of the rat with administration of TSH?

<p>Yes, the metabolic rate increased.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the effect when Propylthiouracil was administered?

<p>It slowed the metabolic rate down.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an ECG?

<p>A recording of electrical events in the heart obtained by electrodes at specific body locations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the P wave represent?

<p>Atria depolarize.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the QRS complex represent?

<p>Ventricles depolarize.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the T wave represent?

<p>Ventricles repolarize.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the SNS effects on the heart?

<p>Increases rate and force of contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the PNS effects on the heart?

<p>Decreased rate of contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the SNS effects on blood vessels?

<p>Causes vasoconstriction of most vessels except those in the muscles and the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the PNS effects on blood vessels?

<p>Inhibits vasoconstriction, producing indirect vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the SNS effects on metabolic rate?

<p>Increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the PNS effects on metabolic rate?

<p>Decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the SNS effects on urinary function?

<p>Inhibits</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the PNS effects on urinary function?

<p>Stimulates</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the SNS effects on digestive functions?

<p>Inhibits</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the PNS effects on digestive functions?

<p>Stimulates</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pulmonary circuit?

<p>Carries blood to and from the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the systemic circuit?

<p>Carries blood to and from the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 types of blood vessels?

<p>Arteries, veins, &amp; capillaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do arteries do?

<p>Carry blood away from the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do veins do?

<p>Carry blood to the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do capillaries do?

<p>Networks between arteries and veins that exchange materials between blood and tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is coronary circulation?

<p>Supplies blood to the muscle tissue of the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which has a greater effect on blood flow, changing the radius or the viscosity?

<p>Changing the radius had a greater effect on flow by severely reducing it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is viscosity?

<p>Thickness of blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the compensatory pause after an extrasystole?

<p>To start the heart on a new rhythm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the effects of vagus on the heart?

<p>Slows the heart down until it goes off and eventually starts over.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does atropine do?

<p>Slightly increases the heart rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does epinephrine do?

<p>Increases heart rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the vagus nerve release?

<p>Acetylcholine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does atropine do?

<p>Blocks acetylcholine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does epinephrine do?

<p>Triggers the fight or flight response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the brachiocephalic artery located?

<p>First branch off of the aortic arch.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the celiac trunk supply?

<p>Supplies upper abdominal organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the inferior mesenteric artery located?

<p>Last major branch off of the abdominal aorta.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the renal artery located?

<p>Second main branch off of the abdominal aorta.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the splenic artery located?

<p>Left branch of the celiac trunk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the superior mesenteric artery serve?

<p>Branch of abdominal aorta that serves intestines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the basilar artery located?

<p>Brainstem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the circle of Willis located?

<p>Encircles pituitary gland and optic chiasma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the external carotid artery located?

<p>Lateral neck/face.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the internal carotid artery located?

<p>Brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the temporal artery located?

<p>Lateral head.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the vertebral artery located?

<p>Travels through the transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the axillary artery located?

<p>Armpit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the brachial artery located?

<p>Anterior and medial humerus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the radial artery located?

<p>Lateral forearm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the subclavian artery located?

<p>Below the clavicle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the ulnar artery located?

<p>Medial forearm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the dorsalis pedis artery located?

<p>Dorsum of foot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the femoral artery located?

<p>Thigh.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the posterior tibial artery located?

<p>Posteromedial leg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the brachiocephalic vein located?

<p>Last branches draining into the superior vena cava.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the hepatic portal vein located?

<p>Inferior liver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the inferior mesenteric vein located?

<p>Leaves large intestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the renal vein located?

<p>Kidneys.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the splenic vein located?

<p>Leaves spleen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the superior mesenteric vein located?

<p>Leaves small and large intestines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are dural sinuses located?

<p>Between layers of dura mater in the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the internal jugular vein located?

<p>Deep lateral neck, next to carotid arteries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the basilic vein located?

<p>Posteromedial arm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the brachial vein located?

<p>Union of the radial and ulnar vein in the anterior arm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the cephalic vein located?

<p>Superolateral arm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the subclavian vein located?

<p>Under clavicle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the femoral vein located?

<p>Middle thigh.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Gas Exchange

  • Oxygen enters the blood while carbon dioxide is expelled.

Regulation of Blood pH

  • Blood pH is influenced by changes in carbon dioxide levels.

Voice Production

  • Sound and speech result from air movement across vocal folds.

Olfaction

  • Smell is triggered by airborne molecules entering the nasal cavity.

Protection

  • The respiratory system protects against microorganisms by preventing entry and aiding in their removal.

Nervous vs Endocrine Systems

  • Nervous system utilizes neurotransmitters; endocrine system uses hormones for signaling.

Hypothalamus Functions

  • Does not stimulate hormone release from the posterior pituitary; it produces ADH and oxytocin, and regulates the anterior pituitary.

Antagonistic Hormones

  • Glucagon and insulin function as antagonists in regulating blood glucose levels.

Hormones Secreted by Adrenal Medulla

  • Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to stress.

Hormones from Thyroid Gland

  • Secretes thyroxine and triiodothyronine, crucial for metabolism.

Pancreatic Hormones

  • Produces insulin and glucagon, regulating blood sugar levels.

Pineal Gland Function

  • Secretes melatonin, regulating sleep-wake cycles.

Parathyroid Gland Hormones

  • Releases parathyroid hormone, vital for calcium homeostasis.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones

  • Secretes various steroid hormones, important for metabolism and immune response.

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

  • Releases thyroid-stimulating hormone and growth hormone, influencing growth and metabolism.

Endocrine Histology

  • The pancreas has both endocrine (insulin, glucagon) and exocrine functions but not in the manner described in option B.

Surfactants

  • Act to reduce surface tension in the lungs, enhancing lung compliance.

Lung Compliance

  • Refers to how easily the lungs can be inflated.

Lung Volumes

  • Tidal Volume (TV): Air exchanged during quiet breathing.
  • Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): Air forcefully inhaled after TV.
  • Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): Air forcefully exhaled after TV.
  • Residual Volume (RV): Air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation.
  • Inspiratory Capacity (IC): TV plus IRV.
  • Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): Air in lungs after tidal expiration.
  • Vital Capacity (VC): Total air exchanged (TV + IRV + ERV).
  • Total Lung Capacity (TLC): Total air in lungs (TV + IRV + ERV + RV).

Airflow Changes

  • Decreased radius reduces total airflow; addition of surfactant increases airflow.

Conducting vs Respiratory Zones

  • Conducting Zone: No gas exchange; ciliated for debris removal.
  • Respiratory Zone: Site of gas exchange; respiratory bronchioles lead to alveoli.

Rat Metabolic Rates

  • Normal rat shows highest baseline metabolic rate due to intact thyroid and pituitary glands.
  • Injection of thyroxine boosts metabolic rate and O2 consumption.

Thyroid Regulation

  • TSH increases metabolic activity by stimulating T3 and T4 secretion.
  • Proplthiouracil decreases metabolic rate by inhibiting thyroxine production.

ECG and Heart Waves

  • ECG (electrocardiogram) records heart's electrical events.
  • P wave: Atria depolarization.
  • QRS complex: Ventricular depolarization.
  • T wave: Ventricular repolarization.

Autonomic Nervous System Effects

  • SNS (Sympathetic Nervous System): Increases heart rate, causes vasoconstriction, and boosts metabolic rate.
  • PNS (Parasympathetic Nervous System): Decreases heart rate, promotes vasodilation, and stimulates digestive functions.

Blood Circuits

  • Pulmonary Circuit: Transports blood to/from lungs.
  • Systemic Circuit: Transports blood to/from body.

Blood Vessels

  • Types: Arteries (carry blood away from heart), veins (return blood to heart), capillaries (exchange materials).

Coronary Circulation

  • Supplies blood and nutrients to heart muscle.

Blood Flow Regulation

  • Changing vessel radius significantly affects blood flow compared to viscosity.

Viscosity

  • Refers to the thickness of the blood, influencing its flow.

Extrasystole and Heart Rhythm

  • Compensatory pause resets the heart rhythm following an extrasystole.

Vagus Nerve Effects

  • Released acetylcholine slows down the heart rate.

Cardiovascular Agents

  • Atropine increases heart rate by blocking acetylcholine.
  • Epinephrine boosts heart rate as part of the "fight or flight" response.

Major Arteries and Supply Regions

  • Brachiocephalic artery: Supplies right arm and head/neck.
  • Celiac trunk: Supplies upper abdominal organs.
  • Renal artery: Supplies kidneys.
  • Axillary artery: Supplies axilla and pectoral girdle.

Veins and Drainage Regions

  • Renal vein: Drains kidneys.
  • Splenic vein: Drains spleen, stomach, pancreas into hepatic portal vein.
  • Internal jugular vein: Drains brain, face, and neck.

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Test your knowledge of key concepts in anatomy and physiology with these flashcards. Focus on crucial processes such as gas exchange, blood pH regulation, voice production, and olfaction. Perfect for A&P2 students preparing for practical exams.

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