Anatomy and Physiology Quiz

Body Organization

• The body is divided into central and peripheral regions:
  • Central region includes the head, neck, and trunk
  • Peripheral region includes the upper and lower limbs
• The trunk is divided into three cavities:
  • Thoracic cavity (chest cavity) containing the heart and lungs
  • Abdominal cavity containing digestive organs (e.g. stomach, intestines)
  • Pelvic cavity containing the urinary bladder, urethra, rectum, and reproductive organs

Body Cavities and Membranes

• Thoracic cavity is divided into:
  • Pleural cavities (each enclosing a lung)
  • Mediastinum (containing the heart, major blood vessels, thymus, trachea, and esophagus)
• Abdominal cavity contains many digestive organs (e.g. stomach, intestines, liver) and the spleen
• Pelvic cavity contains urinary bladder, urethra, rectum, and reproductive organs
• Serosal membranes line the trunk cavities and cover organs within these cavities
• Parietal membranes are found against the outer wall of a body cavity
• Visceral membranes cover organs within a cavity

Directions and Positions

• Directions in the body:
  • Proximal: nearest the attached end of a limb
  • Distal: farthest from the attached end of a limb
  • Medial: towards the midline
  • Lateral: away from the midline
  • Superficial: structure close to the surface of the body
  • Deep: towards the interior of the body
• Quadrants of the abdomen:
  • Right upper
  • Left upper
  • Right lower
  • Left lower

Organizational Levels

• Organizational levels of the body, from simplest to most complex:
  • Chemical
  • Cellular
  • Tissue
  • Organ
  • Organ system
  • Organism