Anatomy and Physiology Reviewer

Study Notes

Autoregulation occurs when cells experience low oxygen, causing them to release chemicals that dilate blood vessels.
Extrinsic regulation involves the nervous system, which increases heart rate during exercise to enhance blood circulation.

Organization: Living organisms exhibit a high degree of organization at both cell and tissue levels.
Metabolism: Comprises all chemical processes occurring within the body, crucial for energy production and maintenance of cellular functions.
Responsiveness: The ability of the body to detect and react to internal or external environmental changes.
Reproduction: Involves cell division for growth, repair, replacement, or the formation of new individuals.
Movement: Refers to motion within the body, encompassing internal actions like blood flow and cellular processes.
Differentiation: Developmental process where unspecialized cells become specialized cells.
Growth: Increase in body size resulting from an increase in the number or size of cells.

Human Anatomy: Focuses on the study of normal structures of the body and the relationships among these structures.
Human Physiology: Studies how these structures function and processes that support the body's functioning.

Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy: Involves the examination of structures visible to the naked eye.
Systemic Anatomy: Studies normal structures of distinct body systems.
Regional Anatomy: Focuses on studying structures based on specific body regions.
Surface Anatomy: Examines external features and their relation to deeper anatomical structures.

Chemical Level: Pertains to atoms and molecules, the basic building blocks of life.
Cellular Level: Comprises cells, the fundamental units of life.
Tissue Level: Involves groups of similar cells performing a specific function.
Organ Level: Refers to structures composed of two or more types of tissues working together.
System Level: Comprises multiple organs that perform a common function.