AP World History I - Midterm Review 2025

The period of time when humans transitioned from hunting and gathering to agriculture, leading to significant changes in human societies and the development of civilizations.

The civilizations that emerged in the river valleys of Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus, and China, characterized by advancements in agriculture, writing, urban centers, and organized governments.

The spread of agriculture from its origins in the Fertile Crescent to other parts of the world. This process involved both the movement of people and the diffusion of agricultural techniques and crops.

A set of laws and punishments created by the Babylonian king Hammurabi. They were carved on a stone pillar and reflected the hierarchical social structure of Babylonian society. It is famous for its principle of "an eye for an eye.

A Mesopotamian epic poem that tells of the adventure and quest for immortality of the hero Gilgamesh. It explores themes of mortality, friendship, and the search for meaning in life.

A set of religious and ethical principles that guide moral conduct for Jews and Christians. These principles are believed to have been revealed to Moses by God on Mount Sinai.

The process of comparing and contrasting different aspects of societies, such as their political systems, gender roles, and economic structures to understand their similarities and differences.

The period of time in history, from 600 BCE to 600 CE, known for the development of major empires, philosophical ideas, and cultural exchanges.

A core principle in Chinese philosophy that explains the rise and fall of dynasties. It says that a ruler's right to rule is granted by heaven, but it can be lost if they fail to govern justly and effectively. If a dynasty becomes corrupt or weak, heaven will withdraw its mandate, leading to revolutions and the rise of a new dynasty.

A system of beliefs and practices based on the teachings of Confucius, emphasizing social harmony, ethical conduct, and good governance. Its core teachings include filial piety (respect for elders), respect for social order, and the importance of education for achieving moral excellence.

A school of thought that emphasizes living in harmony with nature, simplicity, and the avoidance of extremes. It emphasizes the importance of following the Dao, a natural and universal flow, and encourages individuals to let go of worldly desires and live in a state of effortless action.

A philosophical school of thought that emphasizes strict laws, a powerful central government, and the use of punishment to maintain order. Legalists believe that human nature is inherently selfish and that only through firm laws and harsh punishments can individuals be controlled and society maintained.

The founder of the Qin Dynasty, known for standardizing weights, measures, and writing systems, building the Great Wall of China, and strengthening the central government. He is often remembered for his ruthless policies and emphasis on centralized power.

The split within Islam during the 7th Century CE, primarily due to disagreements over who should succeed the Prophet Muhammad as leader of the community. Shi'ites believe that leadership should be with a descendant of Muhammad through Ali, his cousin and son-in-law. Sunnis follow the teachings of the first four caliphs, who were elected.

The period from approximately 500 to 1500 CE, marked by significant changes in Western Europe, the Byzantine Empire, and the rise of new societies in Eastern Europe. Key developments include the emergence of feudalism, the spread of Christianity, and the interaction of different cultures.

The system of social and economic organization prevalent in Western Europe during the Middle Ages. It involved a hierarchy of lords and vassals, with land granted in exchange for military service and loyalty.

The eastern part of the Roman Empire, which survived the collapse of the Western Empire. It had a strong imperial tradition and was a major center of trade and learning. Its capital was Constantinople.

The key tenets of a universal religion focus on the belief that their message is intended for all people, regardless of ethnicity or cultural background. They aim to spread their beliefs to a wider audience, emphasizing concepts like shared values, a moral code, and a common spiritual path.