Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a major job of the digestive system?
During the swallowing reflex __________.
the epiglottis closes off the glottis
What separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity?
Which of the following catalyzes carbohydrates in the mouth?
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What controls the passage of chyme from the last region of the stomach to the duodenum region of the small intestine?
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Which process is NOT a main function of the stomach?
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What is the primary effect of gastric-inhibitory peptide (GIP)?
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What prevents bacteria and materials in the large intestine from flowing backward into the ileum of the small intestine?
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What is the final segment of the small intestine?
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Which process, known as intestinal churning, involves a squeezing motion of the circular layer of smooth muscle in the small intestine?
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Voluntary relaxation of the external anal sphincter that triggers defecation is controlled by the __________.
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What is NOT a major function of the normal flora of the large intestine?
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Which hormone is released by the duodenum in response to acids and lipids in the duodenum?
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Which hormone is released by the duodenum in response to lipids and partially digested proteins?
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What hormone is produced by a diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES) cell of the stomach to inhibit acid secretion?
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Which hormone is produced by a DNES cell of the stomach called a G cell?
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What hormone is produced by the duodenum to reduce acid secretion by the stomach?
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Where is the gallbladder located?
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Gallstones may block the flow of bile from the gallbladder by becoming lodged in which duct?
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Most digestive enzymes catalyze __________ reactions.
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A molecule of glucose being absorbed in the small intestine will first be transported __________.
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The enzyme salivary amylase catalyzes the reactions that breakdown which type of nutrients?
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Study Notes
Digestive System Functions
- Major roles include ingestion of vitamins and minerals, fluid and electrolyte homeostasis, and acid-base homeostasis.
- Manufacturing blood cells is NOT a primary function of the digestive system.
Swallowing Reflex
- Involves multiple actions: the esophageal sphincter closes the esophagus and the tongue covers the pharynx.
- The epiglottis plays a crucial role by closing off the glottis to prevent food from entering the airway.
Oral Cavity Structure
- The hard palate and soft palate separate the oral cavity from the nasal cavity.
Digestion in the Mouth
- Salivary amylase is the enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of carbohydrates in the mouth.
Stomach Functionality
- The pyloric sphincter controls chyme's passage from the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine.
- Absorption is NOT a main function of the stomach; key functions include secretion, propulsion, and digestion.
Hormonal Regulation of Digestion
- Gastric-Inhibitory Peptide (GIP) primarily inhibits acid secretion from parietal cells, impacting gastric functions.
- Secretin is released by the duodenum in response to acids and lipids, while Cholecystokinin (CCK) responds to lipids and partially digested proteins.
- Somatostatin, produced by DNesse cells, also inhibits stomach acid secretion.
Intestinal Structures and Processes
- The ileocecal valve prevents backflow of bacteria and materials from the large intestine to the small intestine.
- The ileum is the final segment of the small intestine, following the jejunum and duodenum.
- Segmentation refers to intestinal churning caused by squeezing motions of smooth muscle in the small intestine.
Control of Defecation
- Voluntary relaxation of the external anal sphincter during defecation is controlled by the cerebral cortex.
Functions of Normal Flora
- Normal flora in the large intestine produce vitamins, inhibit harmful bacteria, and metabolize undigested waste.
- Inhibiting the immune system is NOT a major function of gut flora.
Biliary System
- The gallbladder is situated posteriorly to the liver.
- Gallstones may obstruct bile flow, particularly in the cystic duct.
Enzymatic Processes in Digestion
- Most digestive enzymes catalyze hydrolysis reactions, breaking down larger molecules into simpler forms.
- Glucose absorption in the small intestine begins when a glucose molecule is transported across the apical membrane of enterocytes.
Salivary Amylase Function
- This enzyme initiates carbohydrate digestion in the mouth, contributing to the digestive process before food reaches the stomach.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts from AP Unit 4 with these flashcards. Engage in learning about the digestive system and physiological processes such as swallowing and blood cell production. Perfect for quick revision and enhancing understanding of vital topics.
