Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a major job of the digestive system?
Which of the following is NOT a major job of the digestive system?
During the swallowing reflex __________.
During the swallowing reflex __________.
the epiglottis closes off the glottis
What separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity?
What separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity?
Which of the following catalyzes carbohydrates in the mouth?
Which of the following catalyzes carbohydrates in the mouth?
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What controls the passage of chyme from the last region of the stomach to the duodenum region of the small intestine?
What controls the passage of chyme from the last region of the stomach to the duodenum region of the small intestine?
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Which process is NOT a main function of the stomach?
Which process is NOT a main function of the stomach?
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What is the primary effect of gastric-inhibitory peptide (GIP)?
What is the primary effect of gastric-inhibitory peptide (GIP)?
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What prevents bacteria and materials in the large intestine from flowing backward into the ileum of the small intestine?
What prevents bacteria and materials in the large intestine from flowing backward into the ileum of the small intestine?
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What is the final segment of the small intestine?
What is the final segment of the small intestine?
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Which process, known as intestinal churning, involves a squeezing motion of the circular layer of smooth muscle in the small intestine?
Which process, known as intestinal churning, involves a squeezing motion of the circular layer of smooth muscle in the small intestine?
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Voluntary relaxation of the external anal sphincter that triggers defecation is controlled by the __________.
Voluntary relaxation of the external anal sphincter that triggers defecation is controlled by the __________.
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What is NOT a major function of the normal flora of the large intestine?
What is NOT a major function of the normal flora of the large intestine?
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Which hormone is released by the duodenum in response to acids and lipids in the duodenum?
Which hormone is released by the duodenum in response to acids and lipids in the duodenum?
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Which hormone is released by the duodenum in response to lipids and partially digested proteins?
Which hormone is released by the duodenum in response to lipids and partially digested proteins?
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What hormone is produced by a diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES) cell of the stomach to inhibit acid secretion?
What hormone is produced by a diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES) cell of the stomach to inhibit acid secretion?
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Which hormone is produced by a DNES cell of the stomach called a G cell?
Which hormone is produced by a DNES cell of the stomach called a G cell?
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What hormone is produced by the duodenum to reduce acid secretion by the stomach?
What hormone is produced by the duodenum to reduce acid secretion by the stomach?
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Where is the gallbladder located?
Where is the gallbladder located?
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Gallstones may block the flow of bile from the gallbladder by becoming lodged in which duct?
Gallstones may block the flow of bile from the gallbladder by becoming lodged in which duct?
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Most digestive enzymes catalyze __________ reactions.
Most digestive enzymes catalyze __________ reactions.
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A molecule of glucose being absorbed in the small intestine will first be transported __________.
A molecule of glucose being absorbed in the small intestine will first be transported __________.
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The enzyme salivary amylase catalyzes the reactions that breakdown which type of nutrients?
The enzyme salivary amylase catalyzes the reactions that breakdown which type of nutrients?
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Study Notes
Digestive System Functions
- Major roles include ingestion of vitamins and minerals, fluid and electrolyte homeostasis, and acid-base homeostasis.
- Manufacturing blood cells is NOT a primary function of the digestive system.
Swallowing Reflex
- Involves multiple actions: the esophageal sphincter closes the esophagus and the tongue covers the pharynx.
- The epiglottis plays a crucial role by closing off the glottis to prevent food from entering the airway.
Oral Cavity Structure
- The hard palate and soft palate separate the oral cavity from the nasal cavity.
Digestion in the Mouth
- Salivary amylase is the enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of carbohydrates in the mouth.
Stomach Functionality
- The pyloric sphincter controls chyme's passage from the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine.
- Absorption is NOT a main function of the stomach; key functions include secretion, propulsion, and digestion.
Hormonal Regulation of Digestion
- Gastric-Inhibitory Peptide (GIP) primarily inhibits acid secretion from parietal cells, impacting gastric functions.
- Secretin is released by the duodenum in response to acids and lipids, while Cholecystokinin (CCK) responds to lipids and partially digested proteins.
- Somatostatin, produced by DNesse cells, also inhibits stomach acid secretion.
Intestinal Structures and Processes
- The ileocecal valve prevents backflow of bacteria and materials from the large intestine to the small intestine.
- The ileum is the final segment of the small intestine, following the jejunum and duodenum.
- Segmentation refers to intestinal churning caused by squeezing motions of smooth muscle in the small intestine.
Control of Defecation
- Voluntary relaxation of the external anal sphincter during defecation is controlled by the cerebral cortex.
Functions of Normal Flora
- Normal flora in the large intestine produce vitamins, inhibit harmful bacteria, and metabolize undigested waste.
- Inhibiting the immune system is NOT a major function of gut flora.
Biliary System
- The gallbladder is situated posteriorly to the liver.
- Gallstones may obstruct bile flow, particularly in the cystic duct.
Enzymatic Processes in Digestion
- Most digestive enzymes catalyze hydrolysis reactions, breaking down larger molecules into simpler forms.
- Glucose absorption in the small intestine begins when a glucose molecule is transported across the apical membrane of enterocytes.
Salivary Amylase Function
- This enzyme initiates carbohydrate digestion in the mouth, contributing to the digestive process before food reaches the stomach.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts from AP Unit 4 with these flashcards. Engage in learning about the digestive system and physiological processes such as swallowing and blood cell production. Perfect for quick revision and enhancing understanding of vital topics.
