Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a major job of the digestive system?
During the swallowing reflex __________.
the epiglottis closes off the glottis
What separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity?
Which of the following catalyzes carbohydrates in the mouth?
Signup and view all the answers
What controls the passage of chyme from the last region of the stomach to the duodenum region of the small intestine?
Signup and view all the answers
Which process is NOT a main function of the stomach?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary effect of gastric-inhibitory peptide (GIP)?
Signup and view all the answers
What prevents bacteria and materials in the large intestine from flowing backward into the ileum of the small intestine?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the final segment of the small intestine?
Signup and view all the answers
Which process, known as intestinal churning, involves a squeezing motion of the circular layer of smooth muscle in the small intestine?
Signup and view all the answers
Voluntary relaxation of the external anal sphincter that triggers defecation is controlled by the __________.
Signup and view all the answers
What is NOT a major function of the normal flora of the large intestine?
Signup and view all the answers
Which hormone is released by the duodenum in response to acids and lipids in the duodenum?
Signup and view all the answers
Which hormone is released by the duodenum in response to lipids and partially digested proteins?
Signup and view all the answers
What hormone is produced by a diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES) cell of the stomach to inhibit acid secretion?
Signup and view all the answers
Which hormone is produced by a DNES cell of the stomach called a G cell?
Signup and view all the answers
What hormone is produced by the duodenum to reduce acid secretion by the stomach?
Signup and view all the answers
Where is the gallbladder located?
Signup and view all the answers
Gallstones may block the flow of bile from the gallbladder by becoming lodged in which duct?
Signup and view all the answers
Most digestive enzymes catalyze __________ reactions.
Signup and view all the answers
A molecule of glucose being absorbed in the small intestine will first be transported __________.
Signup and view all the answers
The enzyme salivary amylase catalyzes the reactions that breakdown which type of nutrients?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Digestive System Functions
- Major roles include ingestion of vitamins and minerals, fluid and electrolyte homeostasis, and acid-base homeostasis.
- Manufacturing blood cells is NOT a primary function of the digestive system.
Swallowing Reflex
- Involves multiple actions: the esophageal sphincter closes the esophagus and the tongue covers the pharynx.
- The epiglottis plays a crucial role by closing off the glottis to prevent food from entering the airway.
Oral Cavity Structure
- The hard palate and soft palate separate the oral cavity from the nasal cavity.
Digestion in the Mouth
- Salivary amylase is the enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of carbohydrates in the mouth.
Stomach Functionality
- The pyloric sphincter controls chyme's passage from the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine.
- Absorption is NOT a main function of the stomach; key functions include secretion, propulsion, and digestion.
Hormonal Regulation of Digestion
- Gastric-Inhibitory Peptide (GIP) primarily inhibits acid secretion from parietal cells, impacting gastric functions.
- Secretin is released by the duodenum in response to acids and lipids, while Cholecystokinin (CCK) responds to lipids and partially digested proteins.
- Somatostatin, produced by DNesse cells, also inhibits stomach acid secretion.
Intestinal Structures and Processes
- The ileocecal valve prevents backflow of bacteria and materials from the large intestine to the small intestine.
- The ileum is the final segment of the small intestine, following the jejunum and duodenum.
- Segmentation refers to intestinal churning caused by squeezing motions of smooth muscle in the small intestine.
Control of Defecation
- Voluntary relaxation of the external anal sphincter during defecation is controlled by the cerebral cortex.
Functions of Normal Flora
- Normal flora in the large intestine produce vitamins, inhibit harmful bacteria, and metabolize undigested waste.
- Inhibiting the immune system is NOT a major function of gut flora.
Biliary System
- The gallbladder is situated posteriorly to the liver.
- Gallstones may obstruct bile flow, particularly in the cystic duct.
Enzymatic Processes in Digestion
- Most digestive enzymes catalyze hydrolysis reactions, breaking down larger molecules into simpler forms.
- Glucose absorption in the small intestine begins when a glucose molecule is transported across the apical membrane of enterocytes.
Salivary Amylase Function
- This enzyme initiates carbohydrate digestion in the mouth, contributing to the digestive process before food reaches the stomach.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts from AP Unit 4 with these flashcards. Engage in learning about the digestive system and physiological processes such as swallowing and blood cell production. Perfect for quick revision and enhancing understanding of vital topics.