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Questions and Answers
What is the Central Nervous System (CNS)?
What is the Central Nervous System (CNS)?
Nervous system subdivision that is composed of the brain and spinal cord.
What does the somatic nervous system control?
What does the somatic nervous system control?
Voluntary activities such as the activation of skeletal muscles.
What is the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
What is the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
Nervous system subdivision that is composed of the cranial nerves and spinal nerves.
What is the autonomic nervous system?
What is the autonomic nervous system?
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What are neuroglia?
What are neuroglia?
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What are neurons?
What are neurons?
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What is the function of an axon?
What is the function of an axon?
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What is a dendrite?
What is a dendrite?
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What is myelin?
What is myelin?
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What is the cell body of a neuron?
What is the cell body of a neuron?
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What are Schwann cells?
What are Schwann cells?
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What is a synapse?
What is a synapse?
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What is a tract in the CNS?
What is a tract in the CNS?
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What are Nodes of Ranvier?
What are Nodes of Ranvier?
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What are ganglia?
What are ganglia?
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What is an efferent neuron?
What is an efferent neuron?
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What are stimuli?
What are stimuli?
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What is an afferent neuron?
What is an afferent neuron?
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What are neurotransmitters?
What are neurotransmitters?
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What is depolarization?
What is depolarization?
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What does polarized mean in the context of neurons?
What does polarized mean in the context of neurons?
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What is repolarization?
What is repolarization?
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What are potassium ions in relation to a neuron?
What are potassium ions in relation to a neuron?
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What is the sodium-potassium pump?
What is the sodium-potassium pump?
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What is the function of the hypothalamus?
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
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What does the cerebellum regulate?
What does the cerebellum regulate?
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What is the role of the thalamus?
What is the role of the thalamus?
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What does the medulla oblongata regulate?
What does the medulla oblongata regulate?
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What is sodium in relation to a neuron?
What is sodium in relation to a neuron?
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What is the parasympathetic division?
What is the parasympathetic division?
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What is the sympathetic division?
What is the sympathetic division?
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Study Notes
Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Comprises the brain and spinal cord.
- Key component of the nervous system.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Includes cranial and spinal nerves.
- Functions as a communication network between the CNS and the body.
Somatic Nervous System
- Controls voluntary actions.
- Activates skeletal muscles for movement.
Autonomic Nervous System
- Regulates involuntary functions (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands).
- Crucial for maintaining homeostasis in the body.
Neuroglia
- Supportive cells for neurons that provide insulation and protection.
- Capable of division; significant in brain tumor formation.
Neurons
- Specialized cells for transmitting electrical signals throughout the body.
Axon
- End portion of a neuron responsible for releasing neurotransmitters away from the cell body.
Dendrite
- Receives electrical signals and conducts them toward the cell body.
Myelin
- Fatty substance that insulates nerve fibers, increasing impulse transmission speed.
Cell Body
- Contains the nucleus, essential for neuronal function.
Schwann Cells
- Myelinate nerve fibers in the PNS, enhancing signal conduction.
Synapse
- Connection point between neurons where neurotransmitter exchange occurs.
Tract
- Bundle of nerve fibers located within the CNS, facilitating information processing.
Nodes of Ranvier
- Gaps in the myelin sheath that enhance signal transmission.
Ganglia
- Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS, involved in processing peripheral nervous signals.
Efferent Neuron
- Carries signals away from the CNS to effectors like muscles and glands.
Afferent Neuron
- Transmits sensory signals from body periphery toward the CNS.
Neurotransmitters
- Chemicals released from neurons that influence other neurons, muscles, or glands.
Depolarization
- Process where sodium ions enter the neuron, reversing its polarity and initiating action potentials.
Polarized State
- Condition of a resting neuron where the inside is less positively charged than the outside.
Repolarization
- Phase restoring the resting state of a neuron as potassium ions flow out.
Potassium Ions
- Predominant positive ion within a resting neuron, vital for maintaining resting potential.
Sodium Potassium Pump
- ATP-driven process that maintains ion balance by transporting sodium out and potassium into the cell.
Hypothalamus
- Regulates essential functions such as body temperature and water balance.
Cerebellum
- Coordinates movement and maintains posture, essential for motor control.
Thalamus
- Acts as a sensory relay station, processing afferent signals before reaching the sensory cortex.
Medulla Oblongata
- Located in the brain stem; controls vital autonomic functions like heart rate and breathing.
Sodium
- Main positive ion present outside a resting neuron, crucial for action potential initiation.
Parasympathetic Division
- Part of the autonomic system focusing on energy conservation and relaxation (rest-and-digest).
Sympathetic Division
- Mobilizes body resources in stress-related scenarios (flight or fight), increasing physiological readiness.
Fight or Flight Response
- Instinctual reaction to danger, triggering physiological changes like increased heart rate and blood flow.
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Test your knowledge with flashcards focused on the definitions related to the nervous system. This quiz covers key components like the central nervous system, somatic nervous system, and peripheral nervous system. Perfect for students studying anatomy and physiology.