Questions and Answers
What is perceptual organization?
What is depth perception?
The ability to perceive distance.
What does interposition refer to in depth cues?
A depth cue whereby closer objects block one's view of things farther away.
Define relative size in terms of depth perception.
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What is meant by height in the visual field?
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Explain linear perspective.
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What does texture gradient imply?
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Define motion parallax.
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What is accommodation in terms of vision?
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Explain convergence.
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What does binocular disparity refer to?
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Define looming.
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What is stroboscopic motion?
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What does perceptual constancy mean?
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What is top-down processing?
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Define bottom-up processing.
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What are schemas?
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What is the parallel distributed processing (PDP) model?
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Define attention in psychology.
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Study Notes
Perceptual Processes
- Perceptual Organization: Determines which edges and stimuli combine to form identifiable objects.
- Depth Perception: Ability to perceive distances between objects, crucial for spatial awareness.
Depth Cues
- Interposition: Closer objects obstruct distant ones, providing depth information.
- Relative Size: Larger objects are perceived as closer than smaller ones, aiding in depth perception.
- Height in the Visual Field: Objects positioned higher appear more distant, contributing to depth perception.
- Linear Perspective: Objects near the convergence point of two lines are viewed as farther away.
- Texture Gradient: Finer textures indicate greater distance, as textures change gradually with distance.
- Motion Parallax: Differences in movement rate among objects indicate their relative distances.
Visual Mechanisms
- Accommodation: Lens adjustment to focus light rays for clear vision of varied objects.
- Convergence: Rotational movement of the eyes to focus on an object, providing depth information.
- Binocular Disparity: Variance between images on each retina serves as an essential depth cue.
Motion Perception
- Looming: Rapid enlargement of an object's image on the retina signals proximity.
- Stroboscopic Motion: Rapid sequence of images perceived as continuous motion creates motion illusions.
Perceptual Stability
- Perceptual Constancy: Objects are perceived as stable in size, shape, and color despite changes in sensory input.
Cognitive Processing
- Top-Down Processing: Recognition influenced by higher cognitive functions and prior expectations.
- Bottom-Up Processing: Recognition based on sensory data received first by the brain.
Mental Structures
- Schemas: Mental frameworks formed from experiences and expectations influencing perception.
- Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) Model: Object recognition involves simultaneous analysis of various elements by interconnected neural units.
Attention
- Attention: A focus of mental resources that enhances perception, performance, and overall cognitive experience.
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Test your knowledge of key concepts from AP Psychology covering perceptual organization, depth perception, interposition, and relative size. These flashcards will help reinforce your understanding of these essential psychological principles. Perfect for exam preparation or quick reviews.