AP GOV Chapter 13 Terms Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is the Rust Belt?

Parts of the northeastern and Midwestern US characterized by declining industry, aging factories, and a falling population.

What does the term Electorate refer to?

All of the people entitled to vote in a given election.

Define Mandate in the context of government.

Requirements that direct states and local governments to provide additional services under the threat of penalties or as a condition of the receipt of federal grant money.

What are Superdelegates?

<p>Party leaders and elected officials who become delegates to the national convention without having to run in primaries or caucuses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Prospective Judgment?

<p>A voter's evaluation of a candidate based on what he or she pledges to do about an issue if elected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Retrospective Judgment mean?

<p>A voter's evaluation of a candidate based on past performance on a particular issue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Primaries?

<p>Elections held before the general election in which voters decide which of a party's candidates will be the party's nominee for the general election.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Runoff Primary?

<p>A second primary election held when no candidate wins a majority of the votes in the first primary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define Crossover Voting.

<p>Voting by a member of one party for a candidate of another party.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Raiding in the context of elections?

<p>An organized attempt by voters of one party to influence the primary results of the other party.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between Open and Closed Primaries?

<p>An open primary allows any registered voter to vote in any party's primary, while a closed primary only allows registered party members to vote.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Nonpartisan Primary?

<p>A primary election in which political parties do not play a role.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define General Election.

<p>An election held to choose which candidate will hold office.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an Initiative?

<p>Some states allow citizens to come up with their own ideas for laws to put on an election ballot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Referendum mean?

<p>A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Recall?

<p>A procedure allowing the people to vote to dismiss an elected official from state office before his or her term has expired.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Winner-take-all Primary?

<p>The candidate who wins the most votes in a state secures all of that state's delegates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define Proportional Representation Primary.

<p>An election system in which each party running receives the proportion of legislative seats corresponding to its proportion of the vote.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Caucus?

<p>A meeting of local party members to choose party officials or candidates for public office and to decide the platform.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Iowa and New Hampshire in elections?

<p>Iowa hosts the first caucus and New Hampshire hosts the first primary in the nation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Regional Primaries?

<p>A proposal by critics of the caucuses and presidential primaries to replace these electoral methods with a series of primaries held in each geographic region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the terms 'smoke filled rooms' and 'dark horses' refer to?

<p>This term refers to political bargaining conducted privately by influential people and a little-known candidate unexpectedly nominated by a major party.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'Super Tuesday'?

<p>A day on which several US states hold primary elections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define Invisible Primary.

<p>Early attempts to raise money, line up campaign consultants, generate media attention, and get commitments for support even before candidates announce they are running.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Front-loading in elections?

<p>Many states have pushed forward the date of their primary elections due to the importance of early primaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Delegates?

<p>A person who is chosen or elected to represent a person or group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who are Electors?

<p>People elected by the voters in a presidential election as members of the electoral college.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Realignment?

<p>A process in which a substantial group of voters switches party allegiance, producing a long-term change in the political landscape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define Critical Election.

<p>An election when significant groups of voters change their traditional patterns of party loyalty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Secular Realignment mean?

<p>The gradual rearrangement of party coalitions, based more on demographic shifts than on shocks to the political system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Constituent Services?

<p>Services a representative in Congress provides, such as helping with visas and getting involved in local issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Incumbency Advantages?

<p>Credit claiming, access to media, easier fundraising, and campaign experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define Reapportionment.

<p>The process by which representative districts are switched according to population shifts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Gerrymandering?

<p>The drawing of legislative district boundaries to benefit a party, group, or incumbent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 12th Amendment require?

<p>It requires separate Electoral ballots for President and Vice President.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Motor-voter legislation?

<p>It requires states to permit people to register to vote at the same time they apply for their driver's license.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the McCain-Feingold law limit?

<p>It limited the amount of soft money that could be raised by political parties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Voting Rights Act of 1965?

<p>A law that eliminated various devices used to restrict voting by black people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Political Terms and Concepts

  • The Rust Belt: Regions in the northeastern and Midwestern US marked by industrial decline, aging factories, and decreasing population.

  • Electorate: The collective group of individuals eligible to vote in elections.

  • Mandate: Federal requirements compelling state and local governments to provide services, often tied to federal funding.

  • Superdelegates: Party leaders and officials who can attend the national convention without winning a primary.

  • Prospective Judgment: Voter assessment of a candidate based on their future promises and proposed policies.

  • Retrospective Judgment: Voter assessment of a candidate based on their past performance and actions.

Election Process Components

  • Primaries: Pre-general election elections where party members select their nominee.

  • Runoff Primary: A secondary election occurring when no candidate achieves a majority in the first primary.

  • Crossover Voting: Members of one political party voting for a candidate in another party's primary.

  • Raiding: Coordinated efforts by voters of one party to influence another party's primary outcome.

  • Open vs. Closed Primaries: Open primaries allow any registered voter to participate; closed primaries restrict voting to registered party members only.

  • Nonpartisan Primary: An election where political parties do not influence the process, often seen in local elections.

  • General Election: The election to determine which candidate will assume office.

Direct Democracy Mechanisms

  • Initiative: A process enabling citizens to propose legislation for the ballot, requiring signatures for qualification.

  • Referendum: A method allowing voters to approve or reject proposed legislation or constitutional amendments at the state level.

  • Recall: A procedure enabling voters to remove an elected official from office before the end of their term.

Delegate and Primary Types

  • Winner-Take-All Primary: The candidate obtaining the most votes secures all delegates from that state.

  • Proportional Representation Primary: Seats are allocated to parties based on the percentage of votes received.

  • Caucus: A local gathering for party members to select officials or candidates and establish party platforms.

  • Iowa & New Hampshire: First states to hold caucus and primary, respectively, setting the tone for the election cycle.

  • Regional Primaries: Proposed reform for conducting primaries within geographic regions to streamline the electoral process.

Campaign Dynamics

  • Smoke-Filled Rooms & Dark Horses: Refers to secretive political negotiations; "dark horses" are unexpected candidates who achieve nominations.

  • Super Tuesday: A significant day when multiple states conduct their primary elections.

  • Invisible Primary: Early fundraising and campaign efforts occurring before formal announcements of candidacy.

  • Front-Loading: The trend of states scheduling their primaries earlier to increase their political impact.

Electoral Mechanics and Laws

  • Delegates: Individuals selected to represent a specific group at national conventions.

  • Electors: Individuals elected to cast votes in the Electoral College during presidential elections.

  • Realignment: A shift in party allegiance among a significant voter group, resulting in long-term political changes.

  • Critical Election: An election marked by notable shifts in voter loyalty and party alignment.

  • Secular Realignment: A gradual reshaping of party coalitions due to demographic changes rather than political crises.

Congressional Factors

  • Constituent Services: Assistance provided by Congress members to address local concerns and support constituents.

  • Incumbency Advantages: Benefits enjoyed by current officeholders, including name recognition and media access.

Redistricting and Voting Legislation

  • Reapportionment: Adjusting representation based on population shifts, ensuring districts have balanced populations.

  • Gerrymandering: Manipulation of district boundaries to favor a specific party or group.

  • 12th Amendment: Establishes separate electoral ballots for the President and Vice President.

  • Motor-Voter Law: Mandates voter registration at the same time as obtaining a driver's license.

  • McCain-Feingold Act: Legislation limiting soft money contributions to political parties.

  • Voting Rights Act of 1965: Landmark legislation eliminating discriminatory voting practices, ensuring African American voting rights.

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Test your knowledge with flashcards from AP Government Chapter 13. This set covers key terms such as the Rust Belt, Electorate, and Mandate, essential for understanding the political landscape in the United States. Perfect for exam preparation or quick reviews!

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