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What was the name of the plague that killed half of Europe in 1347?
What was the name of the plague that killed half of Europe in 1347?
The Black Death
What war lasted from 1337-1453 and soured Anglo-French relations?
What war lasted from 1337-1453 and soured Anglo-French relations?
The Hundred Years' War
What was the name of the period when the pope moved to Avignon, France, and was influenced by French kings, ultimately damaging papal prestige?
What was the name of the period when the pope moved to Avignon, France, and was influenced by French kings, ultimately damaging papal prestige?
Babylonian Captivity
What was the name of the period when there were three popes in Italy and France, and was a time of division in the Catholic Church?
What was the name of the period when there were three popes in Italy and France, and was a time of division in the Catholic Church?
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What empire fell in 1453, marking the end of the Eastern Roman Empire, and saw scholars move to Italy?
What empire fell in 1453, marking the end of the Eastern Roman Empire, and saw scholars move to Italy?
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The Crusades were successful in taking back the Holy Land.
The Crusades were successful in taking back the Holy Land.
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What does the term Renaissance mean?
What does the term Renaissance mean?
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The Renaissance was primarily focused in Northern Europe.
The Renaissance was primarily focused in Northern Europe.
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Which Italian city-state was known as the center of Renaissance?
Which Italian city-state was known as the center of Renaissance?
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What powerful family dominated the Republic of Florence and was known for its patronage of the arts?
What powerful family dominated the Republic of Florence and was known for its patronage of the arts?
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Who controlled the Papal States during the Renaissance?
Who controlled the Papal States during the Renaissance?
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What event brought an end to the Italian Renaissance?
What event brought an end to the Italian Renaissance?
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What is the name of the movement that emphasized a revival of classical thought and focus on human potential?
What is the name of the movement that emphasized a revival of classical thought and focus on human potential?
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Match the following Renaissance humanist ideas with their descriptions:
Match the following Renaissance humanist ideas with their descriptions:
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Who was known as the "father of humanism" and encouraged writing in Italian vernacular?
Who was known as the "father of humanism" and encouraged writing in Italian vernacular?
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Who was known for his expertise in Latin and for exposing the Donation of Constantine as a fraud?
Who was known for his expertise in Latin and for exposing the Donation of Constantine as a fraud?
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What work, written in 1486, is considered Pico della Mirandola's most famous and influential work?
What work, written in 1486, is considered Pico della Mirandola's most famous and influential work?
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Which Renaissance writer is famous for his political treatise The Prince?
Which Renaissance writer is famous for his political treatise The Prince?
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Machiavelli believed that it is more important for a ruler to be loved than feared.
Machiavelli believed that it is more important for a ruler to be loved than feared.
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What famous book, written by Baldassare Castiglione in 1528, outlined the qualities of an ideal Renaissance gentleman?
What famous book, written by Baldassare Castiglione in 1528, outlined the qualities of an ideal Renaissance gentleman?
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What invention, credited to Johann Gutenberg in 1440, revolutionized the spread of knowledge?
What invention, credited to Johann Gutenberg in 1440, revolutionized the spread of knowledge?
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What system of patronage flourished during the Renaissance, where wealthy families and the Church paid artists for their work?
What system of patronage flourished during the Renaissance, where wealthy families and the Church paid artists for their work?
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Match the following Renaissance artists and their most famous works:
Match the following Renaissance artists and their most famous works:
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What was the name of the movement that focused on reforming the Church and aimed to improve society?
What was the name of the movement that focused on reforming the Church and aimed to improve society?
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Who wrote In Praise of Folly and sought to reform the Catholic Church?
Who wrote In Praise of Folly and sought to reform the Catholic Church?
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Who wrote Utopia and envisioned an ideal society based on civic humanism and religious ideals?
Who wrote Utopia and envisioned an ideal society based on civic humanism and religious ideals?
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The Northern Renaissance was more focused on religion than the Italian Renaissance.
The Northern Renaissance was more focused on religion than the Italian Renaissance.
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What term refers to the process of converting farmland from shared use to private ownership and enclosure?
What term refers to the process of converting farmland from shared use to private ownership and enclosure?
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What theory, popular during the 16th and 17th centuries, argued that economic activity should primarily benefit the state?
What theory, popular during the 16th and 17th centuries, argued that economic activity should primarily benefit the state?
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The Columbian Exchange primarily involved the transfer of goods from Europe to the New World.
The Columbian Exchange primarily involved the transfer of goods from Europe to the New World.
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What was the name of the period of religious conflict in France that lasted for nearly forty years, beginning in the 16th century?
What was the name of the period of religious conflict in France that lasted for nearly forty years, beginning in the 16th century?
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What was the name of the edict issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, granting limited religious freedom to Huguenots?
What was the name of the edict issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, granting limited religious freedom to Huguenots?
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What was the name of the conflict that lasted for three decades, from 1618 to 1648, and involved religious tensions, political power struggles in the Holy Roman Empire, and a shifting balance of power in Europe?
What was the name of the conflict that lasted for three decades, from 1618 to 1648, and involved religious tensions, political power struggles in the Holy Roman Empire, and a shifting balance of power in Europe?
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What treaty, signed in 1648, officially ended the Thirty Years' War and established a new political order in Europe?
What treaty, signed in 1648, officially ended the Thirty Years' War and established a new political order in Europe?
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What term denotes a system of government where the power of the monarch is limited by laws and a constitution?
What term denotes a system of government where the power of the monarch is limited by laws and a constitution?
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Which English dynasty, beginning with James I, struggled to reconcile their absolutist tendencies with the growing power of Parliament?
Which English dynasty, beginning with James I, struggled to reconcile their absolutist tendencies with the growing power of Parliament?
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James I believed in the concept of "divine right" of kings.
James I believed in the concept of "divine right" of kings.
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What was the name of the petition presented to Charles I in 1628, demanding basic legal rights and protections from the Crown in exchange for granting tax increases?
What was the name of the petition presented to Charles I in 1628, demanding basic legal rights and protections from the Crown in exchange for granting tax increases?
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Who was the Puritan leader of the New Model Army during the English Civil War and played a crucial role in the defeat of the Royalist forces?
Who was the Puritan leader of the New Model Army during the English Civil War and played a crucial role in the defeat of the Royalist forces?
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What was the name of the event in 1648 where Parliament was purged of all non-Puritans and Presbyterians, leaving a smaller, more radical "Rump Parliament"?
What was the name of the event in 1648 where Parliament was purged of all non-Puritans and Presbyterians, leaving a smaller, more radical "Rump Parliament"?
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What was the name of the period in English history, following the execution of Charles I in 1649, without a monarch?
What was the name of the period in English history, following the execution of Charles I in 1649, without a monarch?
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Which French king introduced the "nobility of the robe" system, weakening the power of traditional nobility?
Which French king introduced the "nobility of the robe" system, weakening the power of traditional nobility?
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Who served as the chief advisor and virtual ruler of France during the reign of Louis XIII?
Who served as the chief advisor and virtual ruler of France during the reign of Louis XIII?
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The Intendant System, introduced during the reign of Louis XIII, strengthened the power of the nobility.
The Intendant System, introduced during the reign of Louis XIII, strengthened the power of the nobility.
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What was the name of the palace built by Louis XIV near Paris, a symbol of his absolutist power and grandeur?
What was the name of the palace built by Louis XIV near Paris, a symbol of his absolutist power and grandeur?
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What edict, revoked by Louis XIV in 1685, had previously granted limited religious toleration to Huguenots?
What edict, revoked by Louis XIV in 1685, had previously granted limited religious toleration to Huguenots?
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What was the name of Louis XIV's chief economic advisor, who implemented mercantilist policies in France during the latter half of the 17th century?
What was the name of Louis XIV's chief economic advisor, who implemented mercantilist policies in France during the latter half of the 17th century?
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What was the name of the conflict, initiated by Louis XIV in 1672, where France waged war against the Dutch Republic?
What was the name of the conflict, initiated by Louis XIV in 1672, where France waged war against the Dutch Republic?
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What was the name of the conflict that involved a grand alliance of European powers against France, led by Louis XIV, and lasted for nine years, from 1688 to 1697?
What was the name of the conflict that involved a grand alliance of European powers against France, led by Louis XIV, and lasted for nine years, from 1688 to 1697?
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What treaty, signed in 1713, brought an end to the War of the Spanish Succession, restoring a balance of power in Europe?
What treaty, signed in 1713, brought an end to the War of the Spanish Succession, restoring a balance of power in Europe?
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Study Notes
AP Euro Unit 1: Renaissance - Western Absolutism
- Unit covers the Renaissance period (roughly 1300-1600) and Western European Absolutism.
The Late Middle Ages (1300-1450)
- The Black Death (1347): Bubonic plague, killing half of Europe.
- The Hundred Years' War (1337-1453): Conflict between England and France, souring their relations.
- The Church was criticized for its failures and practices.
- The Babylonian Captivity (1309-1377): The Pope moved to France, weakening the Church's prestige.
- The Great Schism (c.1377-1417): A period with multiple popes, causing widespread confusion and weakening the Church.
- The Byzantine Empire fell (1453): The Ottoman Empire expanded into northeastern Europe.
- Scholars moved to Italy, escaping the growing Muslim rule.
- The Crusades (multiple periods): Attempts to reclaim the Holy Land ultimately ended in failure. However, increased trade and knowledge exchange between East and West occurred.
Renaissance (c.1300-1600)
- Rebirth of Roman and Greek arts, literature, and philosophy.
- Emphasis on human potential ("humanism").
- Focus less on religion and more on human experiences.
- Renaissance began in Italy and spread to Northern Europe later, affecting mainly the upper class.
- Italian city-states controlled trade and became centers of artistic and intellectual activity.
- Florence played a key role, dominated by the Medici family.
- The Sack of Rome (1527) ended the Italian Renaissance.
Humanism
- Revival of classical learning (Roman and Greek).
- Emphasis on the individual's potential and capabilities.
- Introduction of secular ideas and pursuits (though still religious sentiment remained).
- New approach to education, emphasizing history, rhetoric, and moral philosophy.
- Stressing critical thinking and rationalism .
Important Figures
- Petrarch: "Father of Humanism," wrote in Italian, vernacular
- Lorenzo Valla: Expert in Latin, exposed the Donation of Constantine as a fraud.
- Pico della Mirandola: Famous Renaissance writer, focused on the dignity of man.
Machiavelli & Castiglione
- Niccolò Machiavelli: Author of The Prince, a guide for rulers; emphasizing realism, effectiveness and practicality in politics.
- Baldassare Castiglione: Author of The Book of the Courtier, a guide for aristocrats, promoting Renaissance values like refinement and virtue.
Gutenberg's Printing Press
- Key invention (1440) that made producing written materials cheaper and quicker.
- This facilitated the broader spread of humanist literature and ideas across Europe.
- Promoted the Reformation as well.
Patronage
- Wealthy families and the Church commissioned artworks to glorify God and enhance their prestige.
- Influential patrons like Lorenzo de' Medici and the Fugger family played key roles in Renaissance art.
- Popes also served as major patrons, funding art & architecture projects.
Artistic Techniques
- Geometric perspective: Created depth and realism in paintings.
- Chiaroscuro: Contrast of light and shadow to create volume.
- Sfumato: Blurring lines, creating a soft hazy effect.
High Renaissance
- Peak of Renaissance art and architecture.
- Major artists like Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo produced iconic works.
Northern Humanism
- Different focus on religious reform rather than solely classicism.
- Erasmus and Thomas More were pivotal figures, critiquing Church abuses.
- More idealized a utopian society.
Northern Renaissance Art
- Flemish style characterized by detailed works, emotional expression, and everyday themes - major artists like Jan Van Eyck and Pieter Bruegel.
Society of the 16th and 17th Centuries
- Hierarchical structure
- "Long 16th Century": population growth (after plague)
- Importance of family
- Witch Hunts common until Scientific Revolution
Women in the Renaissance
- Decline in power and status in the Renaissance era.
- Christine de Pizan chronicled female accomplishments.
- Women were treated as property and wealth (dowries were important considerations during marriage).
- Witch hunts disproportionately targeted women.
The Reformation
- A challenge to the Catholic Church.
- Luther, Zwingli, and Calvin developed new religious ideas.
- Martin Luther challenged the sale of indulgences, advocated for sola fide (faith alone).
- Factors supporting the Reformation: the translation of the bible, printing press, and growing dissatisfaction with the Church's practices.
- The Protestant Reformation led to more religious divisions in Europe.
Anabaptists
- Religious group that rejected infant baptism and sought religious freedom.
- They experienced persecution and tragedy, marked by social upheaval during the 1500s and 1600s.
Ulrich Zwingli
- Leader of the Reformation in Switzerland.
- Focused on the symbolic nature of the Eucharist.
John Calvin
- Strongly influential Protestant reformer.
- Developed the idea of predestination.
Calvinism
- Calvinist beliefs spread across Europe and impacted Protestantism globally.
English Reformation
- King Henry VIII's desire for an annulment led to the creation of the Church of England (Anglican Church).
- Act of Supremacy (1534) declared the English king the head of the Church.
- Religious upheaval and divisions continued with the reigns of Henry's children.
English Civil War (1642-49)
- Conflict between Charles I and Parliament, rooted in religious and political differences.
- Cavalier and Roundhead factions fought for control of the country.
- Oliver Cromwell led the Roundheads to victory and established a republican government (the Commonwealth).
The Interregum (1649-1660), The Protectorate
- Era of rule without a monarch, and instead a strict Puritan-dominated government.
- Period after Civil War with Oliver Cromwell as ruler.
Charles II (r.1660-1685)
- Restoration of the monarchy.
- Clarendon Code targeted religious and political dissenters.
James II (r.1685-1688)
- Attempt to re-establish Catholicism.
- Contributed to the Glorious Revolution, the end of Stuart rule and establishment of William III and Mary II.
Absolutism in Western Europe (France: c.1589-1715)
- Key concept focused on absolute power of monarch.
- French absolutism focused on divine right.
Background of Absolutism
- Importance of a strong centralized monarchy to maintain societal stability
- Concept of divine right; Ruler is responsible to God only.
- Role of nobility, reduced influence for their own benefit and security.
- Richelieu and Mazarin played pivotal roles in advancing French Absolutism.
- Development of bureaucracy, reducing nobility power and strengthening the monarchy.
French Absolutism
- French kings like Henry IV and Louis XIV consolidated power.
- The development of the Intendant system under Louis XIII.
- Conflicts concerning the succession and religious groups in the country.
- Cardinal Mazarin and Cardinal Richelieu strengthened centralized power.
Louis XIII (r.1610-1643)
- Strengthened the French monarchy through reforms and strategies to gain power.
- Important figure in the development of French absolutism.
Louis XIV (r.1643-1715)
- Best-known absolutist of France.
- "L'état, c'est moi" (I am the state).
- Strong centralized government and military.
- Construction of the Palace of Versailles.
French Economy/Mercantilism
- Focus on economic self-sufficiency.
- Mercantilist policies helped build wealth in France but could have caused problems due to class differences.
- Taxes in France were disproportionately levied on the lower classes, straining their resources.
- Colbert's administrative reforms boosted French trade and internal economy.
The Wars of Louis XIV
- France's expansionist policies led to conflicts across Europe.
- Wars of Devolution, the Dutch War, the Nine Years' War, and the War of the Spanish Succession.
- Balance of power diplomacy developed in response, aiming to counter France.
- These wars severely drained French resources and had significant long-term consequences for the nation's development and relationship with other European countries.
The Columbian Exchange
- Transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and people between the Old World (Europe, Asia, Africa) and the New World (Americas).
Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)
- Last major religious war in Europe.
- Involved major European powers.
- Ended in the Peace of Westphalia (1648).
- This ended the religious stage of the war in Europe, resulting in permanent differences in the belief and religious systems.
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Description
Explore the transformative years of the Renaissance and Western Absolutism in this quiz. Covering key events from the Late Middle Ages to the cultural rebirth of Europe, you'll learn about significant historical shifts and figures. Test your knowledge on critical occurrences like the Black Death and the Hundred Years' War.
