History of Ideas: Renaissance and Reformation

<p>It promoted the idea of a direct relationship with God, encouraging personal interpretation of the Bible. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aristotle's emphasis on logic and natural reason undermined their belief in the power of faith and scripture. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allowed for the mass production of Bibles and religious texts, facilitating the spread of Protestant ideas. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A cultural, intellectual, and artistic revival marked by a rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman knowledge. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crusades led to a renewed interest in classical knowledge, contributing to the intellectual and cultural revival of the Renaissance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It requires that theories must be inherently testable. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regular work done within an established framework. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mechanism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The climate or ethos of a specific era. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It posits the existence of perfect abstract entities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are byproducts of physical processes in the brain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They explain how individuals learn and remember. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>How individuals acquire and justify knowledge. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enabled the mass production and distribution of texts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He demonstrated that the Earth orbits the Sun, challenging geocentrism. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary qualities exist independently of perception; secondary qualities depend on it. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He championed observation and experimentation over untested theories. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It highlights the gap between objective reality and subjective experience. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The simplest explanation requiring the fewest assumptions is preferred. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Making general conclusions based on specific observations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They gained consciousness, self-awareness, and theory of mind. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is central to the validation of knowledge. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They establish common beliefs that guide and restrict the scientific inquiry. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is thought to reflect self-expression and social interaction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deductive reasoning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Knowledge consists of eternal, unchanging entities or 'Forms'. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The belief that mind and body are inherently related. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can only explain phenomena that are observable and measurable. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A concentration on practicality and ethics within the context of Roman religion and politics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Understanding all four types of causes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An embrace of critical inquiry and questioning of traditional beliefs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It defines knowledge through harmony and order, emphasizing mathematics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides a philosophical basis for the belief in one ultimate reality. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The idea that everything occurs due to known causes, allowing prediction of events.

A theory must be testable and potentially disproven to be scientifically valid.

A shared set of assumptions and beliefs guiding researchers in their studies.

The routine work of scientists within an established framework or paradigm.

Findings that cannot be explained by current scientific theories.

The idea that mental states are byproducts of physical brain processes.

The ability to understand and predict others' thoughts and feelings.

The principle that favors the simplest explanation for phenomena.

The principle stating that simpler explanations with fewer assumptions are preferred.

A philosophy asserting that knowledge is only valid if based on sensory experience and empirical evidence.

A reasoning process that moves from specific observations to broader generalizations or conclusions.

A reasoning process starting with general principles to reach specific conclusions with certainty.

The emergence of awareness and complex thought in early humans about 50,000 to 100,000 years ago.

The capacity to reflect on the past and envision the future as part of human cognition.

Science relies on empirical evidence, but it cannot address all questions, especially philosophical ones.

The ability to produce and distribute books widely, promoting reformist ideas.

Galileo's heliocentric model challenged Aristotle's geocentric view accepted by the Church.

Inherent characteristics of objects, like size and shape, independent of perception.

Characteristics like color and taste that depend on the observer's perception.

Bacon advocated for observation and experimentation over preconceived ideas in science.

A method for identifying lawful relationships through observation and experiments.

The philosophical dilemma concerning the relationship between mind and body.

Knowledge is harmony and order, with mathematics at its core.

Eternal and perfect abstract entities that represent true reality.

Understanding requires knowledge of all causes: material, formal, efficient, and final.

Philosophical system that influenced early Christianity by positing one ultimate reality.

The spirit of the time, marked by questioning traditional beliefs after the Romans invaded.

Period of decline following the fall of the Roman Empire, limited by Christianity's emphasis on faith.

Medieval system using reason to understand and protect Christian faith.

Cultural and intellectual revival emphasizing rediscovery of classical knowledge.

Philosophy valuing human potential and achievement.

Movement promoting individual relationship with God, challenging Church authority.

Early Protestants' rejection of Aristotle's logic as a threat to scripture.

Enabled widespread distribution of Reformation ideas, crucial for change.