History of Ideas: Renaissance and Reformation

The idea that everything occurs due to known causes, allowing prediction of events.

A theory must be testable and potentially disproven to be scientifically valid.

A shared set of assumptions and beliefs guiding researchers in their studies.

The routine work of scientists within an established framework or paradigm.

Findings that cannot be explained by current scientific theories.

The idea that mental states are byproducts of physical brain processes.

The ability to understand and predict others' thoughts and feelings.

The principle that favors the simplest explanation for phenomena.

The principle stating that simpler explanations with fewer assumptions are preferred.

A philosophy asserting that knowledge is only valid if based on sensory experience and empirical evidence.

A reasoning process that moves from specific observations to broader generalizations or conclusions.

A reasoning process starting with general principles to reach specific conclusions with certainty.

The emergence of awareness and complex thought in early humans about 50,000 to 100,000 years ago.

The capacity to reflect on the past and envision the future as part of human cognition.

Science relies on empirical evidence, but it cannot address all questions, especially philosophical ones.

The ability to produce and distribute books widely, promoting reformist ideas.

Galileo's heliocentric model challenged Aristotle's geocentric view accepted by the Church.

Inherent characteristics of objects, like size and shape, independent of perception.

Characteristics like color and taste that depend on the observer's perception.

Bacon advocated for observation and experimentation over preconceived ideas in science.

A method for identifying lawful relationships through observation and experiments.

The philosophical dilemma concerning the relationship between mind and body.

Knowledge is harmony and order, with mathematics at its core.

Eternal and perfect abstract entities that represent true reality.

Understanding requires knowledge of all causes: material, formal, efficient, and final.

Philosophical system that influenced early Christianity by positing one ultimate reality.

The spirit of the time, marked by questioning traditional beliefs after the Romans invaded.

Period of decline following the fall of the Roman Empire, limited by Christianity's emphasis on faith.

Medieval system using reason to understand and protect Christian faith.

Cultural and intellectual revival emphasizing rediscovery of classical knowledge.

Philosophy valuing human potential and achievement.

Movement promoting individual relationship with God, challenging Church authority.

Early Protestants' rejection of Aristotle's logic as a threat to scripture.

Enabled widespread distribution of Reformation ideas, crucial for change.