Questions and Answers
What is chemistry?
What is matter?
Anything that occupies space and has mass.
Define property in terms of chemistry.
A characteristic that gives a sample of matter its unique identity.
What is an element?
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What is an atom?
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Define molecule.
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What are the states of matter?
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What is gas?
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Define liquid.
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What is a solid?
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What is a pure substance?
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Define compound.
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What is a mixture?
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Define the law of constant composition.
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What is a heterogeneous mixture?
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Define homogeneous mixture.
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What is a solution?
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What are physical properties?
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Define chemical properties.
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What is an intensive property?
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Define extensive property.
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What is a physical change?
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Define changes of state.
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What is a chemical reaction?
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What are SI units?
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Define mass in scientific terms.
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What is temperature?
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What is the Celsius scale?
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Define the Kelvin scale.
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What is absolute zero?
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Define density.
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What is precision in measurement?
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Define accuracy.
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What are significant figures?
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Study Notes
Chemistry Overview
- Chemistry studies the composition, properties, and transformations of matter.
- Matter is defined as anything that occupies space and has mass.
Properties of Matter
- A property is a characteristic that gives unique identity to a sample of matter.
- Elements cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means.
Atomic and Molecular Structure
- Atoms are the smallest representative particles of elements.
- Molecules consist of two or more atoms chemically combined.
States of Matter
- Matter exists in three states: solid, liquid, and gas.
- Gases have no fixed volume or shape; they occupy the shape and volume of their container.
- Liquids have a definite volume but take the shape of their container.
- Solids have both a definite shape and definite volume.
Types of Substances
- Pure substances have a fixed composition and distinct properties.
- Compounds are made of two or more elements united chemically in definite proportions.
- Mixtures consist of two or more substances that retain their individual identities.
Mixture Classifications
- Heterogeneous mixtures have varying composition and properties throughout.
- Homogeneous mixtures, or solutions, have a uniform composition and appearance.
Composition Laws
- The Law of Constant Composition states that the elemental composition of a pure compound is always the same.
Properties of Substances
- Physical properties can be measured without altering the substance, such as color and freezing point.
- Chemical properties describe how substances react and change into other substances.
Intensive vs. Extensive Properties
- Intensive properties do not depend on the amount of material, e.g., density.
- Extensive properties depend on the amount of material, such as mass and volume.
Changes in Matter
- Physical changes occur without changing the chemical composition, e.g., phase changes.
- Changes of state involve transformations between solid, liquid, and gas.
- Chemical reactions convert one or more substances into different substances.
Measurements in Chemistry
- SI units are standard metric units used in science, including kilograms, meters, seconds, kelvins, moles, amperes, and candelas.
- Mass measures the amount of material in an object, with SI units measured in kilograms.
- Temperature indicates molecular activity, measured on Celsius and Kelvin scales.
Temperature Scales
- Celsius scale: water freezes at 0 degrees and boils at 100 degrees.
- Kelvin scale is the absolute temperature scale, starting from absolute zero (0 K).
Density and Measurement Quality
- Density is the ratio of mass to volume.
- Precision refers to the closeness of agreement among several measurements.
- Accuracy measures how closely measurements agree with the correct value.
Significant Figures
- Significant figures indicate the precision of a measurement, including all the digits that carry meaning contributing to its measurement accuracy.
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Description
Enhance your understanding of the key terms in AP Chemistry Unit 1 with these flashcards. Each card features a critical concept, including chemistry, matter, properties, and elements, designed to help you master the foundational knowledge necessary for the course.