Questions and Answers
What is matter?
What are atoms?
Building blocks of matter
What are the states of matter?
Gas, liquid, solid
What is a gas?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a liquid?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a solid?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a pure substance?
Signup and view all the answers
What are compounds?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the law of constant composition?
Signup and view all the answers
What are mixtures?
Signup and view all the answers
What are solutions?
Signup and view all the answers
What are physical properties?
Signup and view all the answers
What are chemical properties?
Signup and view all the answers
What are intensive properties?
Signup and view all the answers
What are extensive properties?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a physical change?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a chemical change or reaction?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following are methods of separation of mixtures? (Select all that apply)
Signup and view all the answers
What is the scientific method?
Signup and view all the answers
What are scientific laws?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a hypothesis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the metric system?
Signup and view all the answers
What are SI units?
Signup and view all the answers
What is mass?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the Celsius scale?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the Kelvin scale?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Fahrenheit?
Signup and view all the answers
What is volume?
Signup and view all the answers
What is density?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Tera?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Giga?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Mega?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Kilo?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Hecto?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Deka?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Deci?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Centi?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Milli?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Micro?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Nano?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Pico?
Signup and view all the answers
What is precision?
Signup and view all the answers
What is accuracy?
Signup and view all the answers
What are significant figures?
Signup and view all the answers
What are significant figures in calculations?
Signup and view all the answers
What is dimensional analysis?
Signup and view all the answers
What are conversion factors?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Matter and States of Matter
- Matter is defined as anything that has mass and occupies space.
- Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter.
- The three primary states of matter are gas, liquid, and solid.
- A gas has no fixed volume or shape.
- A liquid has a fixed volume but assumes the shape of its container.
- A solid maintains a definite volume and shape.
Pure Substances and Mixtures
- Pure substances have distinct properties and consistent composition across samples.
- Compounds consist of two or more elements chemically bonded together.
- The law of constant composition states that compounds have a uniform elemental composition.
- Mixtures can have variable compositions and can be homogeneous (uniform) or heterogeneous (non-uniform).
Properties of Substances
- Physical properties can be measured without altering the substance's identity.
- Chemical properties describe how a substance may change or react chemically.
- Intensive properties, such as density, do not depend on sample size.
- Extensive properties, like mass and volume, depend on the amount of material present.
Changes in Matter
- Physical changes alter a substance's appearance without changing its composition.
- Chemical changes transform a substance into a different one with different properties.
- Mixtures can be separated via filtration, distillation, or chromatography.
Scientific Principles
- The scientific method is a systematic approach for investigating questions.
- Scientific laws summarize consistent natural behaviors, while hypotheses are tentative explanations leading to theories.
Measurement and Units
- The metric system, especially SI units, is used for scientific measurements.
- Key SI units include the meter (length), kilogram (mass), and second (time).
- Mass measures the amount of material, while volume relates to three-dimensional space occupied.
- Temperature scales include Celsius, Kelvin, and Fahrenheit, with conversions among them (C = (5/9)(F - 32), K = C + 273, F = (9/5)C + 32).
Density and Conversions
- Density is calculated as mass divided by volume.
- Metric prefixes denote scale: Tera (10^12), Giga (10^9), Mega (10^6), Kilo (10^3), Hecto (10^2), Deka (10^1), Deci (10^-1), Centi (10^-2), Milli (10^-3), Micro (10^-6), Nano (10^-9), Pico (10^-12).
Measurement Accuracy and Precision
- Precision measures the consistency of measurements, while accuracy indicates closeness to the true value.
- Significant figures account for all known digits in a measurement, including uncertain ones.
- Rules for significant figures in calculations vary with operations: addition/subtraction aligns decimal places, while multiplication/division relies on the least number of significant figures.
Dimensional Analysis and Conversion Factors
- Dimensional analysis helps track units throughout calculations to ensure correctness.
- Conversion factors are fractions that express the same quantity in different units, aiding in measurement conversions.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge of essential chemistry concepts with these flashcards covering Chapters 1-4 of AP Chemistry. Each card features important terms and definitions to help reinforce your understanding of matter, atoms, and states of matter.