AP Chemistry Chapters 1-4 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is matter?

Only solid substances

Only gaseous substances

Only liquid substances

Anything that has mass and occupies space (correct)

What are atoms?

Building blocks of matter

What are the states of matter?

Gas, liquid, solid

What is a gas?

Has no fixed volume or shape Signup and view all the answers

What is a liquid?

Has a fixed volume, but no fixed shape Signup and view all the answers

What is a solid?

Has both a definite volume and shape Signup and view all the answers

What is a pure substance?

Matter that has distinct properties and a composition that does not vary Signup and view all the answers

What are compounds?

Composed of 2 or more elements Signup and view all the answers

What is the law of constant composition?

Elemental composition of a compound is always the same Signup and view all the answers

What are mixtures?

Have variable compositions of different substances Signup and view all the answers

What are solutions?

Homogeneous solutions Signup and view all the answers

What are physical properties?

Can be measured without changing the identity and composition of the substance Signup and view all the answers

What are chemical properties?

Describe the ways that a substance may change or react to form other substances Signup and view all the answers

What are intensive properties?

Do not depend on the amount of sample being examined Signup and view all the answers

What are extensive properties?

Depend on the quantity of sample being examined Signup and view all the answers

What is a physical change?

A substance changes its physical appearance but not its composition Signup and view all the answers

What is a chemical change or reaction?

A substance is transformed into a chemically different substance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are methods of separation of mixtures? (Select all that apply)

Filtration Signup and view all the answers

What is the scientific method?

Dynamic process used to answer questions about the world Signup and view all the answers

What are scientific laws?

General rules that summarize how nature behaves Signup and view all the answers

What is a hypothesis?

Tentative explanation that leads to theories Signup and view all the answers

What is the metric system?

The units used for scientific measurement Signup and view all the answers

What are SI units?

The preferred system that uses 7 base units Signup and view all the answers

What is mass?

A measure of the amount of material in an object Signup and view all the answers

What is the Celsius scale?

Common unit of temperature, C˚=5/9(F˚-32) Signup and view all the answers

What is the Kelvin scale?

SI unit for temperature, K=C˚+273 Signup and view all the answers

What is Fahrenheit?

US unit for temperature, F˚=9/5(C˚)+32 Signup and view all the answers

What is volume?

Length cubed, m^3, or can be expressed in liters, 1L=1dm^3=1000cm^3 Signup and view all the answers

What is density?

Amount of mass in a unit volume of a substance, density=mass/volume Signup and view all the answers

What is Tera?

1X10^12 Signup and view all the answers

What is Giga?

1X10^9 Signup and view all the answers

What is Mega?

1X10^6 Signup and view all the answers

What is Kilo?

1X10^3 Signup and view all the answers

What is Hecto?

1X10^2 Signup and view all the answers

What is Deka?

1X10^1 Signup and view all the answers

What is Deci?

1X10^-1 Signup and view all the answers

What is Centi?

1X10^-2 Signup and view all the answers

What is Milli?

1X10^-3 Signup and view all the answers

What is Micro?

1X10^-6 Signup and view all the answers

What is Nano?

1X10^-9 Signup and view all the answers

What is Pico?

1X10^-12 Signup and view all the answers

What is precision?

A measure of how closely individual measurements agree with each other Signup and view all the answers

What is accuracy?

Refers to how closely individual measurements agree with the correct value Signup and view all the answers

What are significant figures?

All digits of a measured quantity, including the uncertain one Signup and view all the answers

What are significant figures in calculations?

Certain rules determine how many significant figures to use based on the calculation performed Signup and view all the answers

What is dimensional analysis?

Keep track of units as measurements are carried through calculations Signup and view all the answers

What are conversion factors?

A fraction whose numerator and denominator are the same quantity expressed in different units Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Matter and States of Matter

Matter is defined as anything that has mass and occupies space.
Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter.
The three primary states of matter are gas, liquid, and solid.
A gas has no fixed volume or shape.
A liquid has a fixed volume but assumes the shape of its container.
A solid maintains a definite volume and shape.

Pure Substances and Mixtures

Pure substances have distinct properties and consistent composition across samples.
Compounds consist of two or more elements chemically bonded together.
The law of constant composition states that compounds have a uniform elemental composition.
Mixtures can have variable compositions and can be homogeneous (uniform) or heterogeneous (non-uniform).

Properties of Substances

Physical properties can be measured without altering the substance's identity.
Chemical properties describe how a substance may change or react chemically.
Intensive properties, such as density, do not depend on sample size.
Extensive properties, like mass and volume, depend on the amount of material present.

Changes in Matter

Physical changes alter a substance's appearance without changing its composition.
Chemical changes transform a substance into a different one with different properties.
Mixtures can be separated via filtration, distillation, or chromatography.

Scientific Principles

The scientific method is a systematic approach for investigating questions.
Scientific laws summarize consistent natural behaviors, while hypotheses are tentative explanations leading to theories.

Measurement and Units

The metric system, especially SI units, is used for scientific measurements.
Key SI units include the meter (length), kilogram (mass), and second (time).
Mass measures the amount of material, while volume relates to three-dimensional space occupied.
Temperature scales include Celsius, Kelvin, and Fahrenheit, with conversions among them (C = (5/9)(F - 32), K = C + 273, F = (9/5)C + 32).

Density and Conversions

Density is calculated as mass divided by volume.
Metric prefixes denote scale: Tera (10^12), Giga (10^9), Mega (10^6), Kilo (10^3), Hecto (10^2), Deka (10^1), Deci (10^-1), Centi (10^-2), Milli (10^-3), Micro (10^-6), Nano (10^-9), Pico (10^-12).

Measurement Accuracy and Precision

Precision measures the consistency of measurements, while accuracy indicates closeness to the true value.
Significant figures account for all known digits in a measurement, including uncertain ones.
Rules for significant figures in calculations vary with operations: addition/subtraction aligns decimal places, while multiplication/division relies on the least number of significant figures.

Dimensional Analysis and Conversion Factors

Dimensional analysis helps track units throughout calculations to ensure correctness.
Conversion factors are fractions that express the same quantity in different units, aiding in measurement conversions.

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Test your knowledge of essential chemistry concepts with these flashcards covering Chapters 1-4 of AP Chemistry. Each card features important terms and definitions to help reinforce your understanding of matter, atoms, and states of matter.