AP Biology Chapter 5: Macromolecules Flashcards
51 Questions
102 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is a macromolecule?

  • A small molecule formed by condensation reactions
  • A type of lipid
  • A simple sugar
  • A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules (correct)

What is a polymer?

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.

What is a monomer?

The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.

What is a condensation reaction?

<p>A reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a small molecule, usually water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an enzyme?

<p>A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, which changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hydrolysis?

<p>A chemical process that lyses molecules by the addition of water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a carbohydrate?

<p>A sugar (monosaccharide) or its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a monosaccharide?

<p>The simplest carbohydrate that can exist alone or serve as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disaccharide?

<p>A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a glycosidic linkage?

<p>A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a polysaccharide?

<p>A polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is starch?

<p>A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting of glucose monomers joined by glycosidic linkages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is glycogen?

<p>An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cellulose?

<p>A structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is chitin?

<p>A structural polysaccharide consisting of amino sugar monomers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is fat?

<p>A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a triglyceride?

<p>Three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

<p>A fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a saturated fatty acid?

<p>A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a trans fat?

<p>An unsaturated fat containing one or more trans double bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a phospholipid?

<p>A lipid made up of glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a steroid?

<p>A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cholesterol?

<p>A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a catalyst?

<p>A chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a polypeptide?

<p>A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a protein?

<p>A functional biological molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an amino acid?

<p>An organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primary structure?

<p>The specific sequence of amino acids in a protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is secondary structure?

<p>The localized, repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an alpha helix?

<p>A spiral shape constituting one form of secondary structure of proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a beta pleated sheet?

<p>One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which polypeptide chains lie parallel to each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is tertiary structure?

<p>Irregular contortions of a protein molecule due to interactions of side chains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are disulfide bridges?

<p>Strong covalent bonds formed between sulfur atoms of cysteine monomers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is quaternary structure?

<p>The particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is denaturation?

<p>The process in which a protein unravels and loses its native shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a chaperonin?

<p>A protein molecule that assists in the proper folding of other proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is X-ray crystallography?

<p>A technique that depends on the diffraction of an X-ray beam by individual atoms of a crystallized molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a gene?

<p>A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a nucleic acid?

<p>A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers that serves as a blueprint for proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)?

<p>A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule with a deoxyribose sugar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ribonucleic acid (RNA)?

<p>A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a polynucleotide?

<p>A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a nucleotide?

<p>The building block of a nucleic acid consisting of a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a purine?

<p>One of two types of nitrogenous bases characterized by a fused ring structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a pyrimidine?

<p>One of two types of nitrogenous bases characterized by a six-membered ring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ribose?

<p>The sugar component of RNA nucleotides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is deoxyribose?

<p>The sugar component of DNA nucleotides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a double helix?

<p>The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is antiparallel?

<p>The opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two purines?

<p>Adenine (A) and guanine (G).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three pyrimidines?

<p>Cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Macromolecules

Large, complex molecules formed by joining smaller molecules.

Polymer

Long molecules made of repeating or similar subunits called monomers.

Monomer

The basic building blocks that join to form polymers.

Condensation Reaction

A process where two molecules bond by losing a small molecule, typically water.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hydrolysis

A reaction that breaks down polymers into monomers by adding water.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Carbohydrate

Includes sugars (monosaccharides), dimers (disaccharides), and polymers (polysaccharides).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Monosaccharide

The simplest sugar, serving as the basic unit for carbohydrates.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Disaccharide

Formed by the linkage of two monosaccharides via glycosidic bonds.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Polysaccharide

Complex carbohydrates formed by many monosaccharides linked together.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Starch

A storage form of glucose in plants.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Glycogen

A branched form of glucose storage in animals, mainly in the liver and muscles.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cellulose

Structural polysaccharide forming plant cell walls.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chitin

A structural component in the cell walls of fungi and the exoskeletons of arthropods.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fat

A type of lipid composed of three fatty acids linked to glycerol; also called triglycerides.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Phospholipid

Composed of glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group; essential for cell membranes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Steroid

Lipids with a four-ring carbon structure, including cholesterol.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

Contains one or more double bonds, resulting in fewer hydrogen atoms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Saturated Fatty Acid

All carbon atoms are connected by single bonds, maximizing hydrogen atoms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Protein

Polymers of amino acids, folded into specific shapes essential for functions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Amino Acid

Building blocks of proteins, characterized by both carboxyl and amino groups.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Polypeptide

Chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Primary Structure

Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Secondary Structure

Localized folding or coiling of the polypeptide backbone.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tertiary Structure

Overall 3D shape from interactions among side chains.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Quaternary Structure

Arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains into a functional protein.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Denaturation

Loss of protein shape due to extreme conditions, leading to inactivity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chaperonin

Proteins that assist the correct folding of other proteins.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nucleic Acid

Polymers (polynucleotides) made up of nucleotide monomers, crucial for genetic information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

DNA

Double-stranded helix containing deoxyribose sugar; fundamental for inheritance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

RNA

Typically single-stranded, containing ribose sugar, involved in protein synthesis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nucleotide

Building block of nucleic acids, includes a sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Purine Bases

Larger bases with a double-ring structure, including adenine (A) and guanine (G).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pyrimidine Bases

Smaller bases with a single-ring structure, including cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Double Helix

Characteristic spiral shape of DNA formed by two strands of nucleotides.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Antiparallel

Refers to the opposite orientation of the two sugar-phosphate backbones in DNA.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Macromolecules Overview

  • Macromolecules are large, complex molecules formed by the joining of smaller molecules.
  • Common types include polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Key Terminology

  • Polymer: Long molecules made of repeating or similar subunits called monomers.
  • Monomer: The basic building blocks that join to form polymers.
  • Condensation Reaction: A chemical process where two molecules bond by losing a small molecule, typically water.
  • Hydrolysis: A reaction that breaks down polymers into monomers by adding water.

Carbohydrates

  • Carbohydrate: Includes sugars (monosaccharides), dimers (disaccharides), and polymers (polysaccharides).
  • Monosaccharide: The simplest sugar, serving as the basic unit for carbohydrates.
  • Disaccharide: Formed by the linkage of two monosaccharides via glycosidic bonds from dehydration synthesis.
  • Polysaccharide: Complex carbohydrates formed by many monosaccharides linked together.

Important Polysaccharides

  • Starch: A storage form of glucose in plants.
  • Glycogen: A branched form of glucose storage in animals, primarily in the liver and muscles.
  • Cellulose: A structural polysaccharide forming plant cell walls.
  • Chitin: A structural component in the cell walls of fungi and the exoskeletons of arthropods.

Lipids

  • Fat: A type of lipid composed of three fatty acids linked to glycerol, also called triglycerides.
  • Phospholipid: Composed of glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group; essential for cell membranes.
  • Steroid: Lipids with a four-ring carbon structure, including cholesterol, which is vital for cell membranes and hormone synthesis.
  • Unsaturated Fatty Acid: Contains one or more double bonds, resulting in fewer hydrogen atoms.
  • Saturated Fatty Acid: All carbon atoms are connected by single bonds, maximizing hydrogen atoms.

Proteins

  • Protein: Polymers of amino acids, folded into specific shapes essential for biological functions.
  • Amino Acid: Building blocks of proteins, characterized by both carboxyl and amino groups.
  • Polypeptide: Chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

Protein Structure Levels

  • Primary Structure: Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
  • Secondary Structure: Localized folding or coiling of the polypeptide backbone (e.g., α-helix and β-pleated sheet).
  • Tertiary Structure: Overall 3D shape from interactions among side chains.
  • Quaternary Structure: Arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains into a functional protein.

Protein Interaction

  • Denaturation: Loss of protein shape due to extreme conditions, leading to inactivity.
  • Chaperonin: Proteins that assist the correct folding of other proteins.

Nucleic Acids

  • Nucleic Acid: Polymers (polynucleotides) made up of nucleotide monomers, crucial for genetic information.
  • DNA: Double-stranded helix containing deoxyribose sugar; fundamental for inheritance.
  • RNA: Typically single-stranded, containing ribose sugar, involved in protein synthesis.

Nucleotides and Bases

  • Nucleotide: Building block of nucleic acids, includes a sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group.
  • Purine Bases: Larger bases with a double-ring structure, including adenine (A) and guanine (G).
  • Pyrimidine Bases: Smaller bases with a single-ring structure, including cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U).

DNA Structure

  • Double Helix: The characteristic spiral shape of DNA formed by two strands of nucleotides.
  • Antiparallel: Refers to the opposite orientation of the two sugar-phosphate backbones in the DNA structure.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Description

Test your knowledge on macromolecules with this set of flashcards from AP Biology Chapter 5. Learn key terms such as macromolecule, polymer, and monomer, essential for understanding biological structures and functions. Enhance your understanding of complex molecules and their roles in biology.

More Like This

Biology Chapter 5: Polymers and Macromolecules
10 questions

Biology Chapter 5: Polymers and Macromolecules

BuoyantPun avatar
BuoyantPun
Biology Chapter 5 Flashcards
74 questions

Biology Chapter 5 Flashcards

HandsomeVariable avatar
HandsomeVariable
Biology Macromolecules and Polymers Quiz
11 questions

Biology Macromolecules and Polymers Quiz

InstructiveVampire avatar
InstructiveVampire
Biology Chapter: Monomers and Polymers
9 questions

Biology Chapter: Monomers and Polymers

PersonalizedInequality avatar
PersonalizedInequality
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser