Biology Chapter 5 Flashcards

A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction. Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules.

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds.

The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.

<p>A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed by a dehydration reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by α glycosidic linkages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by β glycosidic linkages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a triacylglycerol or triglyceride.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a fat or triglyceride.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An unsaturated fat, formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils, containing one or more trans double bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The level of protein structure referring to the specific linear sequence of amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The overall shape of a protein molecule due to interactions of amino acid side chains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A type of weak chemical interaction caused when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic three-dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A recessively inherited human blood disorder caused by a single nucleotide change in the β-globin gene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A protein complex that assists in the proper folding of other proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A technique used to study the three-dimensional structure of molecules through diffraction of an X-ray beam.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA or RNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, that determines the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A type of nucleic acid consisting of a polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sugar component of RNA nucleotides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids; lipids do not consist of polymers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C3H6O3.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C12H22O11.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fats have three fatty acids while phospholipids have two fatty acids and one phosphate group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are steroids, a type of hydrophobic compound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The function of a protein is a consequence of its specific shape, which is lost when denatured.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atoms of the polypeptide backbone participate in hydrogen bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are built from three different types of monomers: monosaccharides, amino acids, and nucleotides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Starch is an energy-storage compound while cellulose is structural; they differ in the configuration of glucose monomers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipids do not exist as a chain linked monomers and do not reach the giant size of many polysaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The linear order of amino acids and the subsequent folding into secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures lead to diverse functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It ensures the precise replication of DNA and helps RNA molecules assume specific shapes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbohydrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycogen, starch, and amylopectin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary level</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The phosphodiester linkages of the polynucleotide backbone would be broken.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C60H102051</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5'-GCGC-3 with 5'-GCAT-3'</p> Signup and view all the answers