Anxiety Disorders and Panic Attacks Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What characterizes Performance Only Social Anxiety Disorder?

  • Persistent concern about additional panic attacks
  • Generalized anxiety about multiple social situations
  • Fear of public speaking or performing in public only (correct)
  • Recurrent panic attacks in various situations

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of a panic attack?

  • Palpitations or accelerated heart rate
  • Nausea or abdominal distress
  • Persistent concern about future panic attacks (correct)
  • Derealization or depersonalization

What duration is specified for persistent concern after experiencing a panic attack?

  • At least 1 month (correct)
  • At least 3 days
  • More than 6 months
  • Less than 1 week

Which of the following is a potential behavior change following a panic attack?

<p>Avoiding situations that might trigger a panic attack (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these symptoms is associated with panic attacks?

<p>Feelings of intense fear that peak within minutes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of derealization?

<p>Feeling detached from oneself (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common trigger for individuals with Panic Disorder?

<p>Situations where previous attacks have occurred (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does a panic attack typically last to reach its peak?

<p>Within 5 minutes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of panic-focused psychodynamic therapy?

<p>To explore underlying emotional conflicts contributing to panic attacks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is typically prescribed for long-term anxiety management due to its lower risk of dependence?

<p>Buspirone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes compulsions in obsessive-compulsive disorder?

<p>They are repetitive behaviors driven by obsessions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) assist with anxiety?

<p>By increasing awareness of present moments and reducing excessive worry (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lifestyle change is recommended for alleviating anxiety symptoms?

<p>Regular exercise (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of techniques can help manage symptoms of anxiety?

<p>Relaxation techniques like meditation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about obsessions is accurate?

<p>Obsessions are recurring thoughts that cause significant distress (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication class is generally not recommended for long-term use in treating panic attacks due to dependence risks?

<p>Benzodiazepines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum duration for symptoms to be considered clinically significant for anxiety disorders?

<p>6 months (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is characterized by anxiety symptoms resulting from an underlying medical condition?

<p>Anxiety Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which therapeutic approach is considered the first-line treatment for panic disorder?

<p>Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically characterizes Substance/Medication-Induced Anxiety Disorder?

<p>Anxiety symptoms caused by substance intoxication or withdrawal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common comorbidity is often seen in individuals with anxiety disorders?

<p>Depression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature helps differentiate between various anxiety disorders?

<p>Specific objects or situations inducing fear (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for treating social anxiety?

<p>Challenging negative thought patterns (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is generally not a characteristic of anxiety disorders?

<p>Intellectual disability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom typically occurs within the first 6 to 12 hours of alcohol withdrawal?

<p>Hand tremor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What severe condition may develop during the first 48 to 72 hours of alcohol withdrawal?

<p>Delirium tremens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common treatment for managing alcohol withdrawal symptoms?

<p>Benzodiazepines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factors increase the risk of developing delirium tremens during alcohol withdrawal?

<p>Older individuals and previous DTs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical duration over which symptoms improve after stopping alcohol consumption?

<p>4-7 days (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of alcohol withdrawal?

<p>Excessive drowsiness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum duration for symptoms to persist following a trauma for a diagnosis?

<p>At least 3 days (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines adjustment disorders in relation to stressors?

<p>They are proportional to the stressor and typically acute. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for medical supervision during alcohol withdrawal?

<p>To assess the severity of withdrawal symptoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with hypervigilance?

<p>Depressed mood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is commonly prescribed for anxiety during alcohol withdrawal?

<p>Clorazepate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of adjustment disorders?

<p>Symptoms develop in response to an identifiable stressor. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement corrects the misconception about the influence of a stressor's context?

<p>The context of the stressor can influence specific disorders. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes adjustment disorders from other disorders following trauma?

<p>They have a clear link to a specific life event. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what timeframe must symptoms of adjustment disorders occur following a stressor?

<p>Within 3 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the exclusion criterion for diagnosis related to substance use?

<p>Disturbance should not be attributable to substance use. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the diagnostic criteria for Speech Sound Disorder?

<p>Difficulty in producing speech sounds that interferes with communication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is NOT characteristic of Childhood Onset Fluency Disorder (Stutter)?

<p>Difficulty in understanding implicit meanings (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder is correct?

<p>It involves deficits in understanding humor and sarcasm. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one symptom of Childhood Onset Fluency Disorder?

<p>Circumlocution, or substituting words to avoid problematic ones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition must be ruled out when diagnosing Speech Sound Disorder?

<p>Congenital or acquired conditions like cerebral palsy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder?

<p>Frequent sound prolongations of consonants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what stage do symptoms of Childhood Onset Fluency Disorder typically begin?

<p>In the early developmental period (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does Speech Sound Disorder have on an individual?

<p>Interference with effective communication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the process of substance intoxication?

<p>A reversible syndrome develops due to the recent ingestion of a substance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes withdrawal symptoms?

<p>They can occur after reducing or stopping the use of a substance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly associated with substance intoxication?

<p>Psychotic disorders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect differentiates substance use disorders from substance-induced disorders?

<p>Substance use disorders involve ongoing problems with substance use. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is excluded from the category of intoxication in substance-related disorders?

<p>Tobacco (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are common behavioral and psychological changes associated with substance intoxication?

<p>Disturbances in cognition and mood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which types of substances are primarily linked to substance-induced mental disorders?

<p>Illicit drugs and alcohol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes gambling disorder from other behavioral addictions listed?

<p>Sufficient evidence supports gambling as a formal disorder. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be specified to diagnose Performance Only Social Anxiety Disorder?

<p>Fear limited to public speaking or performing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom that must occur during a panic attack?

<p>A surge of intense fear or discomfort (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common behavioral change following a panic attack?

<p>Avoidance of locations where previous attacks occurred (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What duration indicates a significant maladaptive change in behavior after a panic attack?

<p>At least one month (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT associated with a panic attack?

<p>Persistent longing for social interaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of symptom occurs after experiencing a panic attack?

<p>Persistent concern about future attacks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a stated characteristic of panic attacks?

<p>Occurring suddenly from a calm or anxious state (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main fear for individuals experiencing Panic Disorder after an attack?

<p>Fear of losing control or 'going crazy' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (DSED)?

<p>Approaching strangers without hesitation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?

<p>Excessive emotional connection with caregivers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What duration must symptoms be present for a disorder to be classified as persistent?

<p>More than 12 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Intrusive memories, a symptom of PTSD, can manifest in which of the following ways?

<p>Dissociative flashbacks to the trauma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios would NOT classify as exposure to a traumatic event according to PTSD criteria?

<p>Learning about a traumatic event from media (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom indicates the high severity level of a disorder?

<p>All symptoms present at high levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Children with DSED often exhibit which of the following behaviors?

<p>Over-familiarity with strangers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does DSED differ from Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD)?

<p>DSED is marked by a lack of appropriate inhibition in interactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by a markedly increased need for alcohol to achieve the desired effect?

<p>Tolerance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines alcohol withdrawal in relation to heavy use?

<p>Cessation or reduction in alcohol use (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with alcohol intoxication?

<p>Hyperactivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'early remission' from alcohol use disorder indicate?

<p>No criteria met for at least 3 months but less than 12 months (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is considered when diagnosing individuals in a controlled environment for alcohol use disorder?

<p>Limited access to alcohol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might a person experiencing alcohol withdrawal demonstrate?

<p>Characteristic withdrawal syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes alcohol intoxication's impact on behavior?

<p>Diminished control over impulses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a symptom of alcohol withdrawal?

<p>Severe hallucinations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended approach when stopping antidepressants?

<p>Gradual dose reduction under medical supervision. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which therapeutic approach is recognized as effective for managing depression through behavioral change?

<p>Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is particularly at risk for increased suicidal thoughts when prescribed antidepressants?

<p>Children and teenagers under 25 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can genetic tests provide regarding antidepressant medication?

<p>They can predict individual response to medication. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major distinction between fear and anxiety?

<p>Anxiety is a response to perceived future threats. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary objectives of psychotherapy for depression?

<p>To identify and replace negative thoughts and behaviors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of medication may be added to enhance the effects of antidepressants?

<p>Mood stabilizers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key aspect to monitor during the first weeks of antidepressant treatment?

<p>Suicidal thoughts and mood changes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is not typically classified as an anti-seizure medication?

<p>Naltrexone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common effect of beta-blockers in treating anxiety?

<p>Reduce anxiety symptoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is least likely to influence the detox timeline from alcohol?

<p>Height of the individual (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a symptom of alcohol-induced mood disorder?

<p>Depression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding detoxification is accurate?

<p>Competent professionals can manage detox symptoms effectively. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is directly caused by alcohol consumption?

<p>Alcohol-Induced Anxiety Disorder (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following disorders includes symptoms that improve with cessation of alcohol consumption?

<p>Alcohol-Induced Mood Disorder (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant challenge faced during detoxification?

<p>Detox can be both mentally and physically challenging. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Speech Sound Disorder

A condition where a person has difficulty producing speech sounds that affect their ability to speak clearly, causing communication problems.

Childhood Onset Fluency Disorder (Stutter)

Disturbances in speech fluency, including repetitions, prolongations, and blocks, affecting the smooth flow of speech and causing distress or impairment in communication.

Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder

A condition where a person struggles to use language for social purposes, including adjusting communication to different situations or understanding social cues.

Speech Sound Disorder: Diagnostic Criteria (i)

Difficulty producing speech sounds interferes with speech clarity and communication.

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Speech Sound Disorder: Diagnostic Criteria (ii)

Limitations in effective communication hinder social participation, academic performance, or work.

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Speech Sound Disorder: Diagnostic Criteria (iii)

The difficulties start early in development, during childhood.

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Childhood Onset Fluency Disorder (Stutter): Diagnostic Criteria (v)

Stuttering is marked by repetitions, prolongations, and blocks that affect speech fluency.

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Childhood Onset Fluency Disorder (Stutter): Diagnostic Criteria (vi)

The stutter-related anxieties and limitations cause significant communication problems, affecting social interactions, school, or work.

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Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome

A group of symptoms that can occur after someone abruptly stops drinking alcohol. Symptoms include sweating, increased heart rate, hand tremor, insomnia, nausea, hallucinations, seizures, anxiety, and irritability.

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Delirium Tremens (DTs)

A severe form of alcohol withdrawal that involves confusion, rapid heart rate, high blood pressure, and fever. It can be fatal if left untreated.

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Clinically Significant Distress or Impairment

Anxiety, worry, or physical symptoms significantly impact an individual's ability to function in social, work, or other important areas of life.

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Not Attributable to Substance or Medical Condition

Anxiety symptoms are not caused by the effects of a substance (like drugs or alcohol) or a medical condition.

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Not Better Explained by Another Mental Disorder

The anxiety symptoms are not better explained by another mental disorder.

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Duration

Anxiety symptoms must persist for at least 6 months to be diagnosed.

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Anxiety Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition

Anxiety symptoms arise directly from a physical health issue, like thyroid problems or heart disease.

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Substance/Medication-Induced Anxiety Disorder

Anxiety symptoms are directly caused by using substances (e.g., alcohol, drugs) or medication side effects.

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Comorbidities

Anxiety disorders often occur alongside other mental health conditions.

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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for social anxiety, focusing on identifying and changing negative thought patterns.

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Performance Only Social Anxiety Disorder

Social anxiety disorder that only occurs in specific performance situations, like public speaking or performing on stage.

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Panic Attack

A sudden intense episode of fear that peaks within minutes, including at least four out of 13 listed symptoms.

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Panic Disorder

A mental health condition marked by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks and persistent worry about future attacks.

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Panic Attack Symptoms (Physical)

Increased heart rate, heart palpitations, fast breathing, chest pain, dizziness, nausea, feeling lightheaded, sweating, trembling.

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Panic Attack Symptoms (Psychological)

Feeling detached from oneself or reality. Fear of losing control, or "going crazy". Fear of dying.

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Post-Attack Symptoms

A panic attack followed by at least one month of ongoing worry about future attacks or their consequences.

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Behavioral Changes (Panic Disorder)

Avoidance of situations where panic attacks have occurred or might occur.

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Abrupt Surge of Panic

Panic attacks can occur unexpectedly even when in a calm state or when already feeling anxious.

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Panic-focused psychodynamic therapy

A type of therapy that focuses on exploring and addressing emotional conflicts that might contribute to panic attacks.

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Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT)

A therapy approach that helps manage anxiety by teaching awareness of the present moment and reducing excessive worrying.

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Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

A medication category used to treat anxiety, particularly generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), by increasing serotonin levels in the brain.

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Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)

A class of medications for anxiety that work by increasing both serotonin and norepinephrine levels.

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Benzodiazepines

Medications used for short-term relief of acute panic attacks, but not ideal for long-term use due to dependence risks.

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Buspirone

A medication that can be used for long-term GAD management as it has a lower dependence risk compared to benzodiazepines.

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Regular exercise

Physical activity can help alleviate anxiety by releasing endorphins and promoting relaxation.

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Relaxation techniques

Techniques like deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, and meditation can help manage anxiety symptoms.

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Hypervigilance

A state of heightened alertness, characterized by excessive worry, jumpiness, and difficulty concentrating.

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Exaggerated Startle Response

An exaggerated physical reaction to sudden stimuli, such as loud noises or unexpected touches.

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Duration of Acute Stress Disorder

A period of emotional or behavioral distress lasting between 3 days and 1 month following a traumatic event.

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Adjustment Disorders

Disturbances in mood, behavior, or emotional responses to a specific stressor or significant life change.

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Symptoms of Adjustment Disorders

Emotional or behavioral responses to stressors that are acute and directly proportional to the severity of the stressor.

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Impairment in Adjustment Disorders

Significant impairments in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning due to the stressor and related symptoms.

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Timeframe for Adjustment Disorders

Symptoms of adjustment disorders typically appear within three months of encountering the stressor and tend to resolve once the person adjusts or the stressor is mitigated.

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Exposure to Trauma in Stress Disorders

Exposure to a traumatic or stressful event plays a crucial role in the development of symptoms, influencing the specific disorder.

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Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)

A therapy that helps understand and manage interpersonal conflicts that can contribute to depression.

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Acute Stress Disorder

A period of emotional or behavioral distress lasting between 3 days and 1 month following a traumatic event.

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A mental health disorder characterized by excessive worrying and anxiety, often about everyday events or situations, and difficulty controlling these feelings.

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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A mental health disorder caused by prolonged exposure to a traumatic event, characterized by intrusive memories, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, hyperarousal, and negative mood changes.

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Trauma Exposure

Exposure to a traumatic event through direct experience, witnessing it happen to others, learning about a close friend or family member's traumatic experience, or repeated exposure to details of traumatic events.

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Intrusion Symptoms in PTSD

Recurring, involuntary, and distressing memories of the traumatic event, distressing dreams about the event, flashbacks, intense psychological distress when exposed to reminders of the trauma, or significant physiological reactions to reminders of trauma.

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Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (DSED)

Individuals display disinhibited behaviors in which they overly engage with unfamiliar adults without hesitation, lacking appropriate boundaries or inhibition in interactions with unfamiliar adults, and having limited social or emotional connection with primary caregivers.

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Social Anxiety Disorder

A disorder characterized by fear, anxiety, or avoidance related to social situations or interactions with unfamiliar people, causing significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of life.

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Tolerance: Increased Amounts

The need for increasing amounts of alcohol to achieve the desired effect.

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Tolerance: Diminished Effect

The reduced effect of alcohol even when consuming the same amount.

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Relief of Withdrawal

Using alcohol to alleviate withdrawal symptoms.

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Alcohol Intoxication

Changes in behavior and mental state after consuming alcohol, including slurred speech, incoordination, and impaired judgment.

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Alcohol Withdrawal

Symptoms arising from stopping or reducing alcohol use after prolonged heavy drinking.

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Alcohol Withdrawal: Relief of Withdrawal Symptoms

The need for alcohol or a similar substance to manage withdrawal symptoms.

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Alcohol Tolerance

A state of reduced responsiveness to alcohol, requiring more to achieve the same effect.

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Substance Intoxication

A state when a person experiences a reversible set of symptoms due to recent substance ingestion.

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Criteria for Intoxication

A substance-specific syndrome that develops due to recent ingestion of a substance, causing clinically significant changes in behavior or psychology.

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Substance Withdrawal

Occurs when heavy and prolonged substance use is stopped or reduced, leading to a specific set of symptoms.

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Criteria for Withdrawal

Problematic behavioral and physiological changes that develop due to cessation or reduction of substance use, causing significant distress or impairment.

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Substance Use Disorders

Problems related to the use of substances, such as addiction or dependency.

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Substance-Induced Disorders

Includes conditions like intoxication, withdrawal, and mental disorders caused by substance use.

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Other Behavioral Addictions

Behaviors like internet gaming, sex addiction, exercise addiction, and shopping addiction have been discussed, but lack enough evidence to be official mental disorders.

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Gambling Disorder

Gambling is included in this section due to its similar activation of the reward system, resembling behaviors seen in substance use disorders.

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Anti-seizure Medications

Medications like Carbamazepine, Gabapentin, Oxcarbazepine, and Valproic Acid are used to manage seizures and can be helpful for alcohol withdrawal.

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Beta-blockers for Alcohol Withdrawal

Beta-blockers help slow the heart rate, reduce tremors, improve anxiety, and can even be used to manage cravings for alcohol, easing the withdrawal process.

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Naltrexone for Alcohol Addiction

Naltrexone is a medication that blocks the effects of alcohol, reducing cravings and making it less pleasurable to drink. It helps prevent relapse after detoxification.

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Why Skilled Rehab Centers Matter

Detoxification is a crucial first step in recovery from alcohol addiction, but it's often difficult and should be overseen by qualified professionals in a safe environment.

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Factors Influencing Detox Timeline

The time it takes to detox from alcohol varies depending on factors like the amount and frequency of alcohol consumed, age, weight, and the presence of other health conditions or substance use.

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Alcohol-Induced Psychotic Disorder

Alcohol-induced Psychotic Disorder: Symptoms include delusions (false beliefs) and hallucinations (sensory experiences not based in reality) caused by alcohol use.

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Alcohol-Induced Mood Disorder

Alcohol-Induced Mood Disorder, can manifest as depression (low mood and energy) or mania (elevated mood and activity), directly attributed to alcohol consumption.

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Alcohol-Induced Anxiety Disorder

Alcohol-Induced Anxiety Disorder refers to anxiety symptoms, like nervousness, worry, and fear, directly triggered by alcohol use.

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Study Notes

Psychiatric Disorders

  • Neurodevelopmental Disorders often begin before school age, causing impairments in personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. Deficits range from specific learning or executive functioning impairments to broader issues with social skills or intelligence. Co-occurring conditions are common, such as autism, intellectual disability, ADHD, and learning disorders. Symptoms include deficits (e.g., social communication issues) and excesses (e.g., repetitive behaviors and restrictive interests).

Intellectual Disability

  • Intellectual and adaptive functioning deficits are present during the developmental period. Diagnostic criteria include deficits in intellectual functions, adaptive deficits, and onset during the developmental period. Specifiers based on severity include mild, moderate, severe, and profound.

Communication Disorders

  • These involve deficits in language, speech, and communication that require assessment of cultural and language context. Categories include language disorder, speech sound disorder, childhood-onset fluency disorder, social communication disorder, and unspecified communication disorders. These disorders display difficulties in acquiring and using language, like reduced vocabulary, limited sentence structures, and impaired discourse.

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

  • Symptoms include inattention and hyperactivity. Inattention symptoms involve carelessness, difficulty sustaining attention, not listening, failure to follow instructions, difficulty organizing tasks, avoiding tasks requiring sustained mental effort, losing things, and easily getting distracted. Hyperactivity symptoms include fidgeting, leaving seat, running, climbing, inability to play quietly, always "on the go," talking excessively, interrupting, and difficulty waiting their turn. Symptoms need to be present before age 12 in at least 2 settings to interfere with functioning.

Tourette's Disorder

  • Characterized by both motor and vocal tics that have been present for at least a year since the first tic appeared.

Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders

  • These disorders include schizophrenia, other psychotic disorders, and schizotypal personality disorders. Characteristic abnormalities include delusions (fixed false beliefs), hallucinations (perception-like experiences without external stimuli), disorganized thinking (inferred from speech, jumping from topic to topic), negative symptoms (e.g., reduced emotional expression) and disorganized behavior. These conditions are often seen after trauma.

Delusional Disorder

  • The presence of one or more delusions with a duration of at least one month. Hallucinations are not prominent, and functioning is not significantly impaired, except as related to delusion.

Brief Psychotic Disorder

  • Presence of one or more psychotic symptoms for at least one day but less than one month. Symptoms are not better explained by another mental disorder, or medical condition, and a full return to premorbid functioning is expected.

Schizophreniform Disorder

  • Two or more symptoms of schizophrenia lasting at least 1 month but less than 6 months. A return to premorbid functioning is expected.

Schizophrenia

  • At least 2 or more symptoms present during a 1-month period and lasting at least for 6 months. Symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior, and negative symptoms. Impairment in functioning is also significant.

Bipolar I Disorder

  • Characterized by at least one manic episode. Manic episodes include distinct periods of elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and increased activity or energy. Symptoms last for at least 1 week (or for at least four consecutive days if hypomanic).

Bipolar II Disorder

  • Individuals have experienced at least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode, but never a manic episode.

Cyclothymic Disorder

  • Characterized by numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms (do not meet criteria for hypomanic episode, or depressive symptoms (do not meet criterion for a major depressive episode) lasting at least 2 years (1 year for youth).

Major Depressive Disorder

  • The presence of 5 or more symptoms for at least two weeks, and a change from previous functioning. Key symptoms include depressed mood, loss of interest, significant weight change, sleep disturbances, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue/loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness, recurrent thoughts of death or SI.

Substance/Medication-Induced Psychotic Disorder

  • Psychosis is caused by substance use or intoxication/withdrawal.

Substance-Induced Mood Disorder

  • Mood disturbances are a result of substance consumption
  • These relate to problems with the use of substances. Specific categories are substance use disorders and substance-induced disorders (intoxication, withdrawal, and mental disorders).

Neurocognitive Disorders

  • Cognitive impairment, often due to a brain injury or disease. Delirium is characterized by a disturbance in attention and awareness, with onset over a short period. Additional cognitive disturbances may include memory, disorientation, language, visuospatial, and perceptual issues.

Personality Disorders

  • Enduring patterns of inner experience and behavior that deviate markedly from cultural expectations. These patterns are inflexible and stable, persist from adolescence or early adulthood. They cause distress or impairment in various areas of life. These are grouped into Clusters (A, B & C).

Dissociative Disorders

  • Disruptions in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, and behavior. Examples include depersonalization/derealization disorder, dissociative amnesia, and dissociative identity disorder

Feeding and Eating Disorders

  • Disorders related to eating or eating-related behaviors, including pica, rumination disorder, avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. These disorders frequently result in significant impairment in physical and psychosocial functioning.

Adjustment Disorders

  • Problems developing in response to a specific stress or life change. These involve emotional and or behavioral responses that are proportional to the change.

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