Anxiety and Insomnia Treatments Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary source of endogenous melatonin?

Pineal gland (correct)

Pancreas

Pineapple

Pituitary gland

How is endogenous melatonin derived?

From the amino acid tryptophan (correct)

From caffeine

From glucose

From vitamin C

What is the recommended range of doses for melatonin supplements?

0.3 to 5 mg (correct)

0.1 to 0.5 mg

10 to 15 mg

5 to 10 mg

What is the primary influence of melatonin on sleep-wake cycles?

It is released during sleep Signup and view all the answers

What are melatonin supplements widely promoted for?

Treatment of jet lag and insomnia Signup and view all the answers

In which patients are melatonin supplements contraindicated?

Patients with hepatic insufficiency Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential unexpected response to diazepam in children?

CNS stimulation and excitement Signup and view all the answers

In which patient population should diazepam be used with caution due to slower metabolism?

Elderly adults Signup and view all the answers

What should patients with renal or hepatic impairment be cautious of when using diazepam?

Excessive sedation and respiratory depression Signup and view all the answers

What are some adverse effects of diazepam?

Drowsiness and memory problems Signup and view all the answers

How can overdose signs of diazepam be reversed?

With flumazenil Signup and view all the answers

What are some contraindications to diazepam use?

Severe respiratory disorders and liver disease Signup and view all the answers

What are some symptoms of diazepam dependence and withdrawal?

Increased anxiety, agitation, insomnia Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized in patient teaching guidelines regarding benzodiazepines?

Benzodiazepines provide temporary relief and counseling may be more beneficial for long-term relief Signup and view all the answers

What should patients avoid combining with benzodiazepines?

Alcohol and depressant drugs Signup and view all the answers

What is recommended for the discontinuation of diazepam-related drugs?

Gradual discontinuation under supervision of a healthcare provider Signup and view all the answers

What is important in assessing response to medication?

Nonverbal behavior, including decreased heart rate and relaxed posture Signup and view all the answers

What may be included in paradoxical responses to diazepam?

Anger, aggression, hallucinations Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended duration of treatment for eszopiclone for chronic insomnia?

Up to 12 months Signup and view all the answers

When should nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics be taken?

On an empty stomach and at bedtime Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary emphasis of patient teaching guidelines regarding sleeping pills?

They provide temporary relief and do not cure underlying issues Signup and view all the answers

What should patients avoid while taking sedative–hypnotic drugs?

Alcohol and depressant drugs Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of intermittent administration of sedative–hypnotic drugs?

Maintains drug effectiveness and decreases risks of abuse and dependence Signup and view all the answers

Which nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic is the first oral drug approved for long-term use?

Eszopiclone Signup and view all the answers

What is the believed mechanism of action for valerian in treating anxiety and insomnia?

Increasing GABA in the brain Signup and view all the answers

What did a meta-analysis of 11 clinical trials find about the effectiveness of valerian in treating insomnia?

No significant difference between valerian and placebo Signup and view all the answers

Who should avoid taking valerian?

People with liver damage, pregnant or breastfeeding women, or those taking other sedatives Signup and view all the answers

What is a concern associated with long-term use of benzodiazepines?

Tolerance, dependency, and lack of efficacy for treating depression Signup and view all the answers

Which drug class is associated with a Black Box Warning for combined use with opioid analgesics?

Benzodiazepines Signup and view all the answers

What is the prototype benzodiazepine with a long half-life and wide clinical uses?

Diazepam (Valium) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Herbal and Pharmaceutical Treatments for Anxiety and Insomnia

Valerian, a perennial plant, has been used for centuries to treat anxiety and insomnia
Valerian is believed to work by increasing GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
Meta-analysis of 11 clinical trials found no significant difference between valerian and placebo in treating insomnia
Valerian was associated with a greater number of adverse events compared to placebo
Adverse effects of valerian include blurred vision, cardiac disturbance, and risk of hepatotoxicity
Valerian should not be taken by people with liver damage, pregnant or breastfeeding women, or concurrently with other sedatives
Benzodiazepines are widely used for anxiety and insomnia, but research does not fully support their efficacy
Benzodiazepines are Schedule IV drugs and may cause physiologic dependence
The FDA has issued a Black Box Warning for the combined use of benzodiazepines and opioid analgesics
Long-term use of benzodiazepines is associated with concerns over tolerance, dependency, and lack of efficacy for treating depression
Diazepam (Valium) is the prototype benzodiazepine with a long half-life and wide clinical uses
Diazepam enhances the inhibitory effect of GABA to relieve anxiety, tension, and nervousness, and to produce sleep

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Description

Test your knowledge on herbal and pharmaceutical treatments for anxiety and insomnia with this quiz. Explore the use of valerian, benzodiazepines like diazepam (Valium), and their efficacy, adverse effects, and FDA warnings.