Antiviral Medications Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which drug is used to combat thyroid storm?

  • Levothyroxine
  • Propythourical (correct)
  • Methimazole
  • Carbepentens

    • What is a common adverse effect associated with aminoglycosides?

  • Photosensitivity
  • Nephrotoxicity (correct)
  • Hypoglycemia
  • C-Diff infection

    • Which drug is contraindicated in patients with heart disease and diabetes?

  • Methimazole
  • Levothyroxine (correct)
  • Cephalosporins
  • Sulfonylureas

    • Which medication acts by inhibiting cross-linking of pentapeptides?

    <p>Vancomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of sulfonylureas?

    <p>Increase insulin release from beta cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aztreonam is primarily indicated for the treatment of which type of infection?

    <p>Pseudomonas infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antibiotics can cause staining of teeth in children?

    <p>Doxycycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does increasing estrogen have on levothyroxine therapy?

    <p>Increases TBG binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect associated with both acyclovir and valacyclovir?

    <p>Renal toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug primarily treats CMV and has a similar mechanism of action to acyclovir?

    <p>Ganciclovir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action for remdesivir?

    <p>Nucleotide analog inhibiting RNA dependent RNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about maraviroc?

    <p>Interferes with the binding of CCR5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an adverse effect specifically associated with the use of corticosteroids in asthma therapy?

    <p>Oral candidiasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What therapeutic effect does omalizumab provide in asthma treatment?

    <p>Suppresses IgE response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first-line mechanism of action for drugs that inhibit reverse transcriptase in HIV treatment?

    <p>They compete with endogenous nucleotides for the active site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is associated with significant gastrointestinal side effects?

    <p>Metformin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effect is most commonly associated with methylxanthines?

    <p>Tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic effect of saline nasal sprays?

    <p>Nasal mucosa hydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs treats chronic asthma symptoms by blocking leukotriene synthesis?

    <p>Zileuton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do gliptins function in diabetes management?

    <p>Prevent degradation of GLP-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a contraindication for the use of ipratropium?

    <p>Narrowed-angle glaucoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drug classes with their primary characteristics:

    <p>Sulfonylureas = Increase insulin release, risk of hypoglycemia Meglitinides = Shorter half-life, taken more often Levothyroxine = Replaces thyroid hormone, no adverse effects Vancomycin = Cell wall inhibitor, treats gram-positive infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following antibiotics with their specific characteristics:

    <p>Gentamicin = Adverse effects: ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity Doxycycline = Can cause teeth staining and photosensitivity Azithromycin = CYP3A4 inhibitor, cardiac arrhythmias risk Clindamycin = May precipitate C. Diff-associated diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their indications:

    <p>Linezolid = Used for resistant gram-positive infections Metronidazole = Effective against anaerobic and protozoan infections Meropenem = Combat antibiotic resistance Methimazole = Prevents excessive thyroid production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following medications with their contraindications:

    <p>Levothyroxine = Heart disease and diabetes Aminoglycosides = Not useful against anaerobes Sulfonylureas = Increasing risk for hypoglycemia Linezolid = Used in ICU settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drug classes with their mechanism of actions:

    <p>Glycopeptides = Inhibit cross-linking of pentapeptides Folic acid inhibitors = Bacteria must synthesize their own folic acid Beta-lactams = Cell wall synthesis inhibitors Tetracyclines = Useful for intracellular organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following descriptions with the corresponding medication:

    <p>Propythiouracil = Used to treat thyroid storm Carbapenems = High-risk infections and resistance Nitazoxanide = Unique prodrug effective in anaerobes Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole = Protects against bacterial resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following antibiotics with the types of infections they primarily target:

    <p>Aztreonam = Pseudomonas infections in penicillin-allergic patients Doxycycline = Intracellular organisms Vancomycin = Gram-positive bacteria Gentamicin = Aerobic gram-negative infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the drug with its primary adverse effect:

    <p>Metronidazole = Unique prodrug activation in bacteria Methylxanthines = CNS stimulation Sulfonylureas = Weight gain Doxycycline = Calcification of structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drug characteristics with the correct drug:

    <p>Levothyroxine = Increases TBG binding with estrogen Linezolid = Effective against MRSA Clindamycin = Can cause C. Diff diarrhea Metronidazole = Active against protozoan infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their primary therapeutic effects:

    <p>Acyclovir/valacyclovir = Treats HSV-1, HSV-2, and recurrence of VZV Ganciclovir = Used for CMV infection Oseltamivir = Treats the flu Remdesivir = Anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following asthma drugs with their mechanism of action:

    <p>Albuterol = Short-acting B2 agonist Salmeterol = Long-acting B2 agonist Ipratropium = Short-acting muscarinic antagonist Tiotropium = Long-acting muscarinic receptor antagonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following adverse effects with their corresponding drugs:

    <p>Acyclovir = Renal toxicity and neurotoxicity Corticosteroids = Throat irritation and dysphonia Methylxanthines = Cardiac arrhythmias and seizures Montelukast = Headaches and abdominal pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their class/type:

    <p>Maraviroc = CCR5 antagonist Enfuvirtide = Fusion inhibitor Raltegravir = Integrase inhibitor Nirmatrelvir = Protease inhibitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the diabetes drugs with their mechanism of action:

    <p>Metformin = Activates AMPK to increase insulin sensitivity GLP-1 = Increases insulin release and inhibits glucagon Trizeptide = GLP-1 and GIP receptor agonist Gliptins = Prevents degradation of GLP-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their administration routes:

    <p>Enfuvirtide = Injectable Prednisone = Oral Hydrocortisone = IV Omalizumab = Subcutaneous injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following mechanisms of action with their respective drug types:

    <p>Non-nucleoside inhibitors = Bind to sites on reverse transcriptase Nucleotide analogs = Inhibit RNA-dependent RNA polymerase SGLT-2 inhibitors = Prevent glucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule Corticosteroids = Suppress immune response in airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following therapeutic effects with the respective drugs:

    <p>Zileuton = Treat chronic asthma by blocking leukotrienes Roflumilast = Reduce frequency of COPD exacerbations Beta-methasone = Treat asthma and COPD Albuterol = Relieve symptoms of acute asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their common adverse effects:

    <p>Oseltamivir = Nausea and vomiting Remdesivir = Elevated liver enzymes Cidofovir = Nephrotoxicity Hydrocortisone = Increased blood glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following inhalation medications with their duration of action:

    <p>Salmeterol = Long duration Ipratropium = Short duration Tiotropium = Long duration Albuterol = Short duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic use of baloxivir?

    <p>Inhibits RNA polymerase to treat flu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is primarily indicated for the treatment of COPD?

    <p>Ipratropium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effect is commonly associated with the use of metformin?

    <p>Lactic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following acts by blocking leukotriene synthesis?

    <p>Zileuton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of maraviroc in HIV treatment?

    <p>Interferes with CCR5 binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is best known for its role in suppressing IgE responses in asthma therapy?

    <p>Omalizumab</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic effect of remdesivir?

    <p>Prevents viral RNA synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adverse effect is associated with long-term use of corticosteroids in asthma management?

    <p>Candidiasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does trizeptide primarily benefit patients in diabetes management?

    <p>Stimulates insulin release and decreases food intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is noted for potentially causing crystalluria due to poor solubility?

    <p>HIV protease inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of the drug that blocks glucose reabsorption?

    <p>Fractures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication requires more frequent dosing due to its shorter half-life?

    <p>Meglitinides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following interactions can increase the hepatic metabolism of levothyroxine?

    <p>Increased estrogen levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a known adverse effect of doxycycline?

    <p>Photosensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic inhibits cross-linking of pentapeptides differently than others?

    <p>Vancomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Linezolid is particularly effective for which of the following infections?

    <p>MRSA infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of ciprofloxacin?

    <p>DNA synthesis inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Methimazole is primarily indicated for which clinical scenario?

    <p>Excess thyroid hormone production reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is designed to treat pseudomonas infections in patients with penicillin allergies?

    <p>Aztreonam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Clindamycin can precipitate which gastrointestinal issue?

    <p>C-Diff associated diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic effect of ganciclovir?

    <p>Treatment of cytomegalovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is known to cause renal toxicity as an adverse effect?

    <p>Acyclovir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of maraviroc?

    <p>Interferes with CCR5 binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is a non-nucleoside inhibitor aimed at treating HIV?

    <p>Efavirenz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapeutic agent primarily treats chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

    <p>Ipratropium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the adverse effect associated with high doses of methylxanthines?

    <p>Seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of remdesivir in viral infection treatment?

    <p>Acts as a nucleotide analog</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is an inhaled corticosteroid used for treating asthma?

    <p>Betamethasone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug inhibits RNA polymerase to prevent protein synthesis in viral infections?

    <p>Baloxivir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In treating diabetes, which medication increases insulin sensitivity by targeting PPAR-gamma?

    <p>Pilozone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of metronidazole?

    <p>Requires reduction to an active form inside bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is known to cause cardiac arrhythmias as an adverse effect?

    <p>Azithromycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antibiotics directly inhibits the cross-linking of pentapeptides in cell walls?

    <p>Glycopeptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Meglitinides are known to have which of the following characteristics?

    <p>Require frequent dosing due to short half-lives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is specifically designed to treat pseudomonas infections in patients with a penicillin allergy?

    <p>Aztreonam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication is associated with the use of tetracycline?

    <p>Photosensitivity and staining of teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effect is commonly associated with aminoglycosides like gentamicin?

    <p>Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the effect of increasing estrogen on levothyroxine therapy?

    <p>Increases TBG binding, potentially necessitating dose adjustments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an adverse effect of using clindamycin?

    <p>Antibiotic-associated diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is most critical in treating resistant gram-positive infections in the ICU?

    <p>Linezolid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Antiviral Medications

    • Acyclovir/Valacyclovir: Treats HSV-1, HSV-2, and VZV (shingles). Significant symptoms and recovery time are associated with treatment. Resistance can develop due to viral mutations in thymidine kinase and DNA polymerase. Adverse effects include renal and neurotoxicity. Drug interactions exist with other neurotoxic agents.

    • Ganciclovir: Similar mechanism of action (MOA) to acyclovir, primarily used for CMV treatment.

    • Cidofovir: Nucleotide analog (already phosphorylated). IV form used to treat CMV retinitis.

    • Oseltamivir and Zanamivir: Treat influenza (flu). Neuraminidase inhibitors, mimicking salicylic acid, preventing viral budding/release.

    • Baloxavir: Treats flu. Inhibits RNA polymerase, preventing protein synthesis.

    • Remdesivir: Prodrug, nucleotide analog. Inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. An anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug.

    • Nirmatrelvir: Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 protease, needed for viral packaging. An anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug.

    Antiretroviral Medications (HIV)

    • Maraviroc: Treats HIV. Inhibits binding of CCR5 to gp120, preventing infection. Effective against certain HIV strains.

    • Enfuvirtide: Inhibits viral envelope fusion with T-cell envelope (injected). Limited to self-administering adults.

    • Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors: Reverse RNA genome to DNA; these drugs prevent new copies from forming. They compete with endogenous nucleotides for the active site. Inhibit viral DNA translation, causing chain termination. Myopathy (muscle weakness) can be an adverse effect.

    • Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs): Prevent RNA to DNA conversion, also preventing new viral copies. Don't mimic nucleotides; they bind to different sites in reverse transcriptase.

    • Raltegravir: Treats HIV, preventing viral integration into host chromosome.

    • HIV Protease Inhibitors: Inhibit HIV protein processing, important for viral infection. Crystalluria and nephrolithiasis can be adverse effects.

    Respiratory Medications

    • Albuterol: Short-acting β2 agonist. Relieves asthma, exercise-induced bronchospasm, and intermittent asthma. Inhalation/short duration. Tremors, tachycardia, angina as potential adverse effects in large doses.

    • Salmeterol: Long-acting β2 agonist. Long-term asthma control. Inhalation/long duration. Tremors, blood pressure changes (hypotension/hypertension) as potential adverse effects.

    • Ipratropium: Short-acting muscarinic agonist. Primarily to treat COPD (patients not tolerating β2 agonists). Short duration/onset. Dry mouth, hoarseness, bitter taste are potential adverse effects. Narrow-angle glaucoma is a contraindication.

    • Tiotropium: Long-acting muscarinic receptor agonist. COPD treatment.

    • Methylxanthines: Block phosphodiesterase and adenosine receptors, causing bronchial smooth muscle relaxation. Not ideal for treating asthma, very affordable. GI effects, restlessness, cardiac arrhythmias, and seizures at high doses. Interactions with caffeine products.

    • Corticosteroids: Suppress immune responses in airways. Inhaled or systemic (oral/IV). Suppress mucus secretions and enhance β2 agonist responses.

    • Betamethasone: Inhaled corticosteroid. Asthma and COPD treatment. Potential for oropharyngeal candidiasis, dysphonia, cough. Often combined with long-acting β2 agonists. Risk of systemic problems with oral/IV use.

    • Hydrocortisone: IV corticosteroid for severe asthma attacks; short-term use.

    • Prednisone: Oral corticosteroid. Used for asthma exacerbations; 1-2 week regimen, used short-term at lowest effective dose.

    • Omalizumab: Immunotherapy. Suppresses IgE response in certain asthma types. Requires high IgE levels for effectiveness.

    • Roflumilast: Improves respiratory function for severe COPD. Well-tolerated. Diarrhea, nausea, headache, are possible side effects.

    • Zileuton: Blocks leukotriene synthesis. Treats chronic asthma. Very short half-life; frequent dosing needed. Headaches, pain, UTIs, and liver issues are potential side effects.

    • Montelukast and Zafirlukast: Treat mild chronic asthma; longer duration & good tolerability.

    Other Medications

    • Goat Milk/Metformin: Effective treatment. Lactic acidosis is a potential side effect.

    • Metformin: Targets mitochondria to activate AMPK, influencing glucose production, uptake, insulin sensitivity, and intestinal glucose absorption. Very effective. Lactic acidosis, GI effects, B12 and folic acid deficiencies are potential side effects. Renal impairment may require reduced dosages.

    • Glucose-like peptide (GLP-1) analogs: Once-weekly injection. Increases insulin release, beta cell proliferation, and inhibits glucagon release. Potential benefits are weigh loss, low risk of hypoglycemia, reduced weight. Adverse effects include nausea/slowed digestion & risk of hypokalemia or kidney injury

    • Trizeptide: GLP-1 and GIP receptor agonist to increase insulin secretion, reduce food intake, decrease gastric emptying and reduce glucagon secretion. More significant weight loss, and increased risk of hypoglycemia when used with insulin.

    • Gliptins: Prevent GLP-1 degradation. Not as well-tolerated as GLP-1 agonists, and lack weight loss benefit.

    • Pioglitazone: Stimulates PPARγ, increases insulin sensitivity (only when insulin is present). Benefits include lower blood pressure, better vascular function, good for atherosclerosis, and low risk of hypoglycemia. Adverse effects include fluid retention, heart failure, and edema.

    • SGLT2 Inhibitors (Flozins): Block glucose reabsorption in the kidneys, causing glucose excretion. Adverse effects include infections (UTIs), and fractures. Low risk of hypoglycemia, reduced appetite and benefit for CHF.

    • Sulfonylureas: Increase insulin release from beta cells through SUR-1 receptors. Not glucose-dependent. Increased risk of hypoglycemia and weight gain.

    • Meglitinides: Similar MOA to sulfonylureas. Shorter half-life requiring more frequent dosing; risk of hypoglycemia remains.

    Thyroid Medications

    • Levothyroxine: Treats hypothyroidism, directly replacing hormones. Generally few adverse effects but interactions with estrogen, barbiturates exist. Contraindications include heart disease, diabetes, adrenal insufficiency, obesity treatment. Food interactions with calcium, fat content and goitrogenic foods are possible.

    • Methimazole: Prevents excess thyroid hormone production; used before surgery.

    • Propylthiouracil: Used to treat thyroid storm.

    Antibiotic Medications

    • Carbapenems (e.g., imipenem, meropenem): Treat high-risk infections, especially against extended-spectrum beta-lactam resistance.

    • Cephalosporins: Increased Gram-negative rod activity with increasing generation; similar mechanism to penicillin.

    • Monobactams (e.g., aztreonam): Treat Pseudomonas infections in penicillin-allergic patients.

    • Glycopeptides (e.g., vancomycin): Cell wall inhibitors; treat gram-positive bacteria only. Inhibit cross-linking of pentapeptides.

    • Aminoglycosides (e.g., gentamicin): Ineffective against anaerobes. Ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity are potential side effects.

    • Tetracyclines (e.g., doxycycline): Useful against intracellular organisms. Potential for calcification, tooth staining, and photosensitivity. Magnesium, zinc, and calcium can impair absorption.

    • Macrolides (e.g., azithromycin): CYP3A4 inhibitor; cardiac arrhythmias.

    • Lincosamides (e.g., clindamycin): May cause antibiotic-associated diarrhea (C. difficile).

    • Oxazolidinones (e.g., linezolid): Useful in the ICU for resistant gram-positive infections (MRSA, VRE).

    • Folic Acid Antagonists: (Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole): Bacteria must synthesize folic acid; folic acid is needed for DNA synthesis. These drugs protect against resistant bacteria.

    • Quinolones (e.g., ciprofloxacin): Inhibit DNA synthesis by inhibiting DNA topoisomerase and gyrase activity.

    • Nitroimidazoles (e.g., metronidazole): Unique prodrug that becomes active in bacteria; useful against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa.

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    Description

    This quiz covers various antiviral medications used to treat viral infections such as HSV, CMV, and influenza. Learn about the mechanisms of action, indications, and potential side effects of drugs like acyclovir, ganciclovir, and remdesivir. Test your knowledge of how these antiviral therapies function and their clinical applications.

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