Podcast
Questions and Answers
Match the following viruses with their characteristics:
Match the following viruses with their characteristics:
Influenza A = Causes pandemics (e.g., H1N1) Influenza B = Humans only RSV = Respiratory viral infection H1N1 = Type of Influenza A strain
Match the antiviral drugs with their types:
Match the antiviral drugs with their types:
Oseltamivir = Neuraminidase inhibitor Zanamivir = Neuraminidase inhibitor Amantadine = Adamantane antiviral Rimantadine = Adamantane antiviral
Match the mode of action with the appropriate antiviral:
Match the mode of action with the appropriate antiviral:
Neuraminidase inhibitors = Prevent release of new virions Adamantane antivirals = Block viral uncoating Oseltamivir = Prodrug, oral administration Zanamivir = Inhaled, active form
Match the adverse effects with the corresponding drug:
Match the adverse effects with the corresponding drug:
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Match the antiviral drug with its specific pharmacokinetics:
Match the antiviral drug with its specific pharmacokinetics:
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Match the following characteristics of Ribavirin with their descriptions:
Match the following characteristics of Ribavirin with their descriptions:
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Match the following Hepatitis viruses with their characteristics:
Match the following Hepatitis viruses with their characteristics:
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Match the following adverse effects of Ribavirin with their descriptions:
Match the following adverse effects of Ribavirin with their descriptions:
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Match the following mechanisms of action of Ribavirin with their explanations:
Match the following mechanisms of action of Ribavirin with their explanations:
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Match the following treatment goals for Hepatitis B and C with their targets:
Match the following treatment goals for Hepatitis B and C with their targets:
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Study Notes
Antiviral Drugs Overview
- Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites lacking cell walls, membranes, and organelles.
- Symptoms of viral infections appear late during the disease progression.
- Antiviral drugs are mainly virustatic and can also be used prophylactically.
Treatment of Respiratory Viral Infections
- Key viruses involved include Influenza A, Influenza B, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV).
- Preferred approach for treatment is immunization; antiviral drugs are alternatives for allergies or during outbreaks.
- Influenza A is known for causing pandemics, with notable subtype H1N1.
- Surface proteins of Influenza A, hemagglutinin (H) aids in attachment, while neuraminidase (N) facilitates release of new virions.
Neuraminidase Inhibitors
- Primary examples include Oseltamivir (oral) and Zanamivir (inhaled).
- Effective against both Influenza A and B.
- Best when administered prior to exposure or within 48 hours of onset of symptoms, typically for a 5-day course.
- Mechanism of action involves inhibition of neuraminidase, preventing new virion release.
- Pharmacokinetics: Oseltamivir is a prodrug activated by hepatic esterases; Zanamivir is active upon inhalation.
- Excretion for both occurs via urine.
- Common adverse effects: Oseltamivir can cause nausea and vomiting; Zanamivir may lead to respiratory discomfort and requires caution in patients with airway diseases.
- Resistance may develop through mutations in the neuraminidase enzyme.
Adamantane Antivirals
- Includes Amantadine and Rimantadine, with actions limited to Influenza A.
- Administered before exposure or within 48 hours of symptoms.
- Mechanism of action blocks the M2 proton ion channel, hindering viral uncoating.
- Pharmacokinetics differ: Amantadine is excreted unchanged in urine, while Rimantadine undergoes extensive metabolism prior to excretion.
- Not recommended due to high resistance rates.
Ribavirin
- A guanosine analogue recognized for its broad-spectrum antiviral activity.
- Particularly effective against RSV and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) when used with other drugs.
- Indicated for severe RSV bronchiolitis or pneumonia in children and infants.
- Mechanism of action disrupts replication of RNA and DNA viruses, impacting mRNA synthesis and RNA polymerase activity.
- Administered orally or via aerosolized form for RSV, with renal excretion.
- Notable adverse effects include dose-dependent anemia and irritation from aerosol use.
- Contraindicated in pregnant individuals or those planning to conceive for 6 months post-exposure.
Treatment of Hepatic Viral Infections
- Hepatitis viruses include A, B, C, D, and E, with chronic infections primarily caused by HBV (DNA virus) and HCV (RNA virus).
- Treatment goals for HBV aim to suppress viral DNA, achieve seroconversion of HBeAg, and lower hepatic transaminase levels.
- HCV treatment focuses on viral eradication.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamentals of antiviral drugs, their role as virustatic agents, and their use in the treatment and prophylaxis of viral infections. Explore the characteristics of viruses and the specific treatments for respiratory viral infections.
