Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary mechanism of action of clofazimine?
What is the primary mechanism of action of clofazimine?
Which of the following is NOT a side effect of amithiozone?
Which of the following is NOT a side effect of amithiozone?
Which drug is considered the drug of choice for systemic fungal infections?
Which drug is considered the drug of choice for systemic fungal infections?
Which of the following adverse effects is commonly associated with intravenous administration of Amphotericin-B?
Which of the following adverse effects is commonly associated with intravenous administration of Amphotericin-B?
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What type of infections is griseofulvin primarily used to treat?
What type of infections is griseofulvin primarily used to treat?
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Which statement is false regarding the pharmacokinetics of Amphotericin-B?
Which statement is false regarding the pharmacokinetics of Amphotericin-B?
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What is a significant risk associated with prolonged use of amithiozone?
What is a significant risk associated with prolonged use of amithiozone?
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Nystatin is primarily used in which form of treatment?
Nystatin is primarily used in which form of treatment?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of Cycloserine?
What is the primary mechanism of action of Cycloserine?
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Which of the following is a common side effect of Ethionamide?
Which of the following is a common side effect of Ethionamide?
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Which of these drugs is not typically used in the treatment of leprosy?
Which of these drugs is not typically used in the treatment of leprosy?
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What adverse effect is associated with the use of Dapson?
What adverse effect is associated with the use of Dapson?
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Why is it important to adjust the dosage of Cycloserine in patients with renal failure?
Why is it important to adjust the dosage of Cycloserine in patients with renal failure?
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What is the role of Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) in the administration of antituberculous drugs?
What is the role of Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) in the administration of antituberculous drugs?
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Which of the following is the mode of action of Rifampicin?
Which of the following is the mode of action of Rifampicin?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of Rifampicin?
What is the primary mechanism of action of Rifampicin?
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Which adverse effect is associated with Ethambutol?
Which adverse effect is associated with Ethambutol?
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What adjustment is necessary for dosing Ethambutol in patients with renal failure?
What adjustment is necessary for dosing Ethambutol in patients with renal failure?
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Which of the following is a common side effect of Rifampicin?
Which of the following is a common side effect of Rifampicin?
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Leprosy treatment can include which of the following drugs?
Leprosy treatment can include which of the following drugs?
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Which of the following is NOT a side effect of Pyrazinamide?
Which of the following is NOT a side effect of Pyrazinamide?
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What is the antibacterial spectrum of Rifampicin?
What is the antibacterial spectrum of Rifampicin?
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What should be monitored in patients taking Isoniazid?
What should be monitored in patients taking Isoniazid?
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Study Notes
Quinolones
- Quinolones can damage growing cartilage, contraindicated under 18, pregnant, and lactating women due to secretion in milk.
- Can lead to tendon rupture.
Tuberculosis
- Infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- Primarily affects lungs, but can affect other organs.
- Clinical features: fever, anorexia, hemoptysis, cough, sputum, weight loss, anemia, night sweats, enlarged lymph nodes, tubercle formation, necrosis, and lung fibrosis.
Antituberculosis Drugs
- First-line (standard) drugs: Isoniazid (INH), Rifampicin, Ethambutol, Streptomycin, Pyrazinamide.
- Second-line (reserve) drugs: used if first-line drugs fail or if microorganisms are resistant; Examples: Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Amikacin, Cycloserine, Ethionamide, Para-aminosalicylic acid, Capreomycin, Rifabutin.
- Drugs are typically given in combination to prevent bacterial resistance.
Isoniazid (INH)
- Mode of action: Inhibits mycolic acid synthesis in mycobacterial cell walls.
- Pharmacokinetics: Orally absorbed; absorption impaired by food (especially carbohydrates and antacids), best taken before breakfast. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid levels are similar. Metabolized in the liver by acetylation; excretion in urine (some unchanged drug). Dosage adjustment may be needed for liver impairment, but not for kidney impairment.
- Indications: Tuberculosis.
- Side effects: Hypersensitivity reactions (skin rashes, fever), hepatitis (most frequent serious side effect, risk increases with age, pregnancy, and postpartum), peripheral neuritis (caused by pyridoxine deficiency), which is correctable with pyridoxine supplementation.
Other Antituberculosis Drugs (brief overview)
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Rifampicin: Inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase; used for tuberculosis, leprosy, and meningitis prophylaxis. Side effects: nausea, vomiting, rash, fever, harmless orange discoloration of fluids (urine, sweat, tears). Interactions with other medications may affect their effectiveness.
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Ethambutol: Inhibits RNA synthesis (prevents growth of resistant mutants). Side effect: Retrobulbar neuritis (loss of visual acuity) and color blindness, contraindicated in children due to difficulty assessing side effects.
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Pyrazinamide: Action unknown, but likely inhibits protein synthesis in tubercle bacilli. Side effects: liver damage, gastrointestinal disturbances, allergic skin rashes, gout.
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Streptomycin: Inhibits protein synthesis (binding with 30S ribosomal subunit). Side effects: hypersensitivity reactions, cholestatic jaundice, hepatitis, vestibular nerve damage, nephrotoxicity, superinfection, interactions with other medications.
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Ethionamide: Inhibits protein synthesis in tubercle bacilli. Side effects: allergic reactions, gastrointestinal disturbances.
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Other drugs: Additional drugs are mentioned, but specifics are not elaborated on in a way that is informative enough for a summary here.
Leprosy
- Caused by Mycobacterium leprae.
- Causes characteristic skin and peripheral nerve lesions.
- Drugs: Sulphones (e.g., dapsone), phenazines (e.g., clofazimine), anti-tubercular drugs (e.g., rifampicin), others (e.g., thiambutosine, amithiozone).
Antifungal Drugs (overview)
- Classification: Systemic (e.g. amphotericin B, flucytosine, azoles—ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, griseofulvin). Topical (e.g. nystatin, topical azoles).
- Systemic antifungal drugs: Used for systemic fungal infections. Side effects may include renal failure, hypotension, anemia, hypersensitivity.
- Topical antifungal drugs: Used for localized infections (skin, mucous membranes, vagina).
Antiprotozoal Drugs (overview)
- Malaria: Caused by Plasmodium parasites, transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes.
- Life cycle: Includes sporozoite, liver, and erythrocytic stages.
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Description
This quiz covers essential information regarding quinolones and antituberculosis drugs. It includes details on contraindications, clinical features of tuberculosis, and the classification of first-line and second-line antituberculosis medications. Test your knowledge about the interactions and impacts of these drugs on various populations and conditions.