Antimicrobial Resistance and Use in Livestock
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Questions and Answers

What are the broad mechanisms that contribute to antimicrobial resistance (AMR)?

  • Acquired resistance only
  • Both intrinsic and acquired resistance (correct)
  • Only genetic mutations
  • Intrinsic resistance only

Which process is NOT a method by which bacteria acquire resistance genes?

  • Horizontal gene transfer
  • Vertical gene transfer (correct)
  • Recombination between genetic elements
  • Mutation of existing genes

How does antimicrobial stewardship aim to address antimicrobial resistance?

  • By promoting the development of new antibiotics without restrictions
  • By increasing the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics
  • By reducing microbiome diversity in patients
  • By ensuring proper use and minimizing unnecessary prescriptions (correct)

What is the primary function of antimicrobials in animals?

<p>To kill or slow the growth of microorganisms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor that affects both pathogens and resident flora regarding antimicrobial use?

<p>The effect of antibiotics on the resident bacteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes intrinsic resistance?

<p>Natural resistance due to existing biological processes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about resistance genes is true?

<p>Mobile genetic elements can facilitate the spread of resistance genes among bacteria. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of antibiotics in veterinary medicine?

<p>To treat infections and prevent disease in animals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does horizontal gene transfer (HGT) play in antimicrobial resistance?

<p>It allows for the quick adaptation of microbes to antibiotics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does antimicrobial stewardship aim to achieve?

<p>Ensure effective treatment of infections while reducing resistance development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might contribute to the development of antibiotic resistance in microbial populations?

<p>Excessive environmental exposure to antibiotics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that confers antimicrobial resistance?

<p>Enhanced binding affinity for antimicrobials (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following strategies could enhance biosecurity against antimicrobial resistance?

<p>Implementing strict hygiene and sanitation measures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is essential for effective biosecurity in livestock operations?

<p>Strict isolation from external and potentially infected animals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about HACCP is accurate?

<p>It identifies and controls potential hazards in food production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of antimicrobial is primarily used for treating infections in individual animals?

<p>Therapeutic antimicrobials for specific infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of administering antimicrobials for prophylaxis in livestock?

<p>To prevent disease in groups of animals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is NOT a way antimicrobials act on bacteria?

<p>Disrupting cell membrane integrity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes acquired antimicrobial resistance?

<p>Resistance that develops through mutation or gene acquisition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a goal of antimicrobial stewardship?

<p>To limit the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a mechanism that can confer antimicrobial resistance?

<p>Decreasing cell wall permeability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In HACCP principles, what is critical for effectively preventing microbial contamination?

<p>Identifying and controlling critical control points (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'metaphylaxis' refer to in livestock antimicrobial use?

<p>Preventing disease in a group where some are infected (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of antimicrobial resistance?

<p>Improved animal health outcomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Antimicrobial

Any substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms, like bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, while causing minimal harm to the host.

Antibacterials

Refers specifically to drugs that target and kill bacteria.

Antivirals

Drugs used to combat viral infections.

Antifungals

Drugs designed to treat fungal infections.

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Antiparasitics

Drugs used to treat parasitic infections.

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Antimicrobial therapy

The use of antimicrobials to treat individual animals showing signs of infection.

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Prophylactic antimicrobial use

The use of antimicrobials to treat groups of animals, even if they don't show signs of infection.

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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR)

A general term for any situation where bacteria are no longer susceptible to a specific antimicrobial drug.

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Prophylaxis

Giving antimicrobials to groups of animals to prevent disease. Done before any signs of sickness. Example: Using it for calves arriving at a feedlot.

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Metaphylaxis

Giving antimicrobials to groups of animals where some individuals are already sick. Example: When some chicks are already sick, giving the whole group antimicrobials.

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Growth Promotion

Giving antimicrobials to groups of animals to improve their performance. Example: Using growth promotion to increase the weight of pigs or broilers.

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How antimicrobials work

Antimicrobials work by blocking bacterial processes. This weakens the bacteria, and the body's immune system can fight it off.

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Antimicrobial Action: Inhibiting Cell Wall Synthesis

Antimicrobials can stop bacteria from building their cell walls.

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Antimicrobial Action: DNA Replication and Synthesis

Antimicrobials can interfere with bacterial DNA replication and synthesis.

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Antimicrobial Action: Inhibiting Protein Synthesis

Antimicrobials can interrupt the process of bacteria making proteins.

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What is Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)?

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the ability of a microbe to resist the effects of an antimicrobial drug, like antibiotics. This means the drug is less effective or ineffective in treating infections caused by the resistant microbe.

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What is Intrinsic Resistance?

Intrinsic resistance is a natural, inherent characteristic of a microbe, meaning it has always been resistant to a particular antimicrobial. It's encoded in the microbe's DNA.

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What is Acquired Resistance?

Acquired resistance occurs when a microbe that was previously susceptible to an antimicrobial drug develops resistance. This usually happens through genetic changes, like mutations.

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What are Antimicrobial Resistance Genes (ARGs)?

Antimicrobial Resistance Genes (ARGs) are specific genes within a microbe's DNA responsible for conferring resistance to antimicrobial drugs. Think of them as the 'resistance blueprints.'

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What are Antimicrobial Resistance Operons (AROs)?

Antimicrobial Resistance Operons (AROs) are groups of genes clustered together on a microbe's DNA that contribute to the microbe's resistance. They work as a team to resist the drug.

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What is Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT)?

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a mechanism by which microbes share and receive genetic material, including ARGs, from other microbes. This rapid spread of resistance is a significant concern.

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What are Mobile Genetic Elements (MGEs)?

Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) are DNA segments that can move around within and between microbes' genomes. They often carry ARGs, contributing to the spread of resistance.

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What is Antimicrobial Selection Pressure?

Antimicrobial selection pressure refers to the use of antimicrobials that inadvertently promotes the growth and spread of resistant microbes. It's like giving resistant microbes an advantage.

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Study Notes

Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)

  • Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant issue, impacting both animals and humans.
  • AMR is not a new problem, rather the issue of bacteria resisting the effects of antimicrobials is well-documented.
  • Natural selection plays a role, as bacteria are resistant to changes
  • The use of antimicrobials leads to an inevitable selection of resistant bacteria.
  • Mechanisms for AMR include existence of ancient genes, acquired mechanisms, acquired gene mutations that create new genes, horizontal gene transfer, and recombination between genetic elements.

Antimicrobial Use in Livestock

  • AMR/antimicrobial use (AMU) in livestock includes therapy for individual animals (e.g., treating a sick piglet).
  • AMU also includes treating groups of animals (e.g., broilers with E. coli infection).
  • Antimicrobial use in livestock also includes prophylactic measures (preventing disease in a group).
  • AMU also encompasses instances of growth promotion, where antimicrobials are given to livestock to improve performance (e.g. grower phase pigs).

AMR Quandaries

  • AMR impacts human and animal populations dramatically.
  • Prevalence of AMR is relatively widespread amongst both animals and in humans.
  • Prevalence is higher for AMR in livestock (10-15%) compared to humans (24%).
  • Antimicrobials are used in a variety of settings, from farm settings to hospitals, impacting health generally.

Mechanisms of Action

  • These include cell wall synthesis inhibition, DNA replication, DNA synthesis inhibition, and protein synthesis inhibition.
  • Specific examples of agents related to each mechanism are included.

Common Abbreviations/Terms

  • AMR - antimicrobial resistance
  • AMU - antimicrobial use
  • ERP - expected resistance phenotype (New!)
  • ARG-antimicrobial resistance gene
  • ARO - antimicrobial-resistant organism
  • HGT – horizontal gene transfer
  • ICES - Integrative conjugative elements

Ecology of AMR Genes

  • Common focus for ecology of AMR genes is the effect of AMU on various pathogens.
  • Bacteria may serve as hosts for resistance genes that can spread among other species.
  • This spread happens independently of phylogenetic relationships among the bacteria.
  • This resistance spread occurs globally.

Current AMU Policy in Canada

  • Current policy concerning AMR (antimicrobial resistance) involves surveillance reporting, restrictions on importation, licensing, and approval processes, with consideration for alternative products.

Antimicrobial Stewardship

  • Antimicrobial stewardship involves a shift towards more prudent and judicious use of antimicrobials.
  • Stewardship emphasizes personal responsibility in the use of antimicrobials and in the management of entrusted things.
  • The primary objective of antimicrobial stewardship is optimized clinical outcomes, while simultaneously minimizing harm from minimizing unintended consequences and dissemination of resistance.

Learning Objectives

  • The learning objectives of an associated course or presentation include explaining antimicrobials, their use in animals, illustrating mechanisms of action, describing antimicrobial resistance, identifying mechanisms that cause resistance, effects of resistance, and the definition of antimicrobial stewardship.

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Related Documents

Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) ANSC 100 PDF

Description

This quiz explores the critical issue of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and its implications for both humans and livestock. It covers the mechanisms behind AMR, the role of natural selection, and the various ways antimicrobials are used in livestock, including treatment and prophylactic measures.

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