Animal Health and Stress

Integral system that communicates to regulate immune response effectively.

Signaling molecules like TNFα, IL-1, and IL-6 that activate the immune response.

Systemic reaction to infection that helps fight pathogens but may cause side effects.

Severe condition due to widespread inflammation, potentially leading to organ failure.

Life-threatening reaction to infection leading to organ dysfunction or failure.

Proteins produced by the liver in response to inflammation, aiding defense and repair.

Long-term immune protection against specific pathogens, with memory capabilities.

The ability of the immune system to remember past infections for faster responses.

RCP6 predicts lower greenhouse gas emissions while RCP8.5 predicts high emissions throughout the 21st century.

Increasing dairy production may require selecting appropriate cattle breeds for better yield.

Circadian rhythms regulate virus progression, making infections worse when disrupted.

Introgressing resistant genetics can improve sheep’s ability to combat gastrointestinal parasites.

Identifying breeds like Merino or Rambouillet can enhance helminth resistance in Canadian flocks.

Choosing the right fish is crucial for aquaponics, especially for temperature behavior.

BMAL1 is a transcription factor affecting infection susceptibility based on seasonal variations.

Assessing if livestock and aquaculture species are suited to current farming practices helps optimize production.

Toxins produced by fungi that can affect health.

The measure of stress hormone levels in animals.

Proteins that help package DNA into chromatin.

Chemical changes to histone tails affecting gene accessibility.

RNA that regulates gene expression without coding for proteins.

A type of ncRNA that binds to mRNA and regulates translation.

Components of bacterial cells, like lipopolysaccharides (LPS), that can trigger responses.

The study of how stress affects gene expression without altering DNA sequence.

Statistical measures of how traits can be passed down through generations.

A process where a methyl group is added to cytosine nucleotides, impacting gene expression.

Changes to histone proteins that affect DNA accessibility and gene regulation.

Genes that link the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems and can be modified epigenetically.

The Glucocorticoid Receptor gene is regulated by methylation and miRNAs in stress response.

MicroRNAs like miR-18 and miR-124a down-regulate GR levels by binding to its mRNA.

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis controls reactions to stress and regulates many body processes.

Genetic variations in the USP8 gene that affect ACTH production linked to stress responses.

Matching animals with their environment based on genetic factors and epigenetic influences to reduce stress.

The evolution from free-range to battery cage and enriched housing affects animal welfare and health.

Mismatches in environmental adaptation can lead to conditions like bone fractures and parasitic infections.

Assessing if exotic species like water buffalo and ostriches are suited for current farming systems.

Ensuring that reintroduced species from zoos are compatible with wild ecosystems for survival.

The body's reaction to stress involving the brain and two major stress axes: SAM and HPA.

Two pathways activated during stress: Sympathetic-Adrenal-Medullary and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal.

Techniques used to minimize animal stress and enhance resilience in production environments.

Membrane proteins on B cells that bind antigens.

Terminally differentiated B cells that secrete antibodies.

Membrane proteins on T cells that recognize antigens presented by MHC.

Molecules that present processed antigens to T cells.

Immune response involving B cells and antibodies against extracellular pathogens.

Immune response that involves T cells targeting intracellular pathogens.

A specific, delayed immune response that develops over days to weeks.

Long-lived immune cells that facilitate rapid responses upon re-exposure to antigens.