Animal Health and Stress
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Questions and Answers

What are some possible consequences of an animal being mismatched with its environment?

  • Increased stress, leading to a higher risk of disease (correct)
  • Improved overall health and well-being
  • No significant impact on the animal's health
  • Increased productivity and output

    • What are some examples of management practices that can be used to minimize animal stress and maximize stress resilience?

  • Providing adequate shelter and nutrition
  • Reducing overcrowding and providing enrichment
  • Implementing humane handling practices
  • All of the above (correct)

    • What are the two main stress axes involved in the physiological stress response?

  • Sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) axis and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis
  • Parasympathetic-adrenal-medullary (PAM) axis and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis
  • Parasympathetic-adrenal-medullary (PAM) axis and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-cortex (HPA) axis
  • Sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) axis and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-cortex (HPA) axis (correct)

    • How has the environment of laying hens changed over the past 100 years?

    <p>From free-range to battery cage housing, and now to enriched aviary housing systems or free-range organic systems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key factors to consider when matching an animal to its environment?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good animal welfare assessment method?

    <p>Subjective (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of considering the physiology of the stress response in animal management?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main point emphasized in this content regarding animal welfare and management?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of MHC molecules in the acquired immune response?

    <p>MHC molecules present processed microbial antigens to T cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the neuroendocrine-immune system?

    <p>To regulate the immune response and ensure its effectiveness without excessive activation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines on the body?

    <p>Fever response, sickness behavior, and protein catabolism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of hepatic acute-phase proteins (APP)?

    <p>To support host defense and tissue repair processes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the acquired immune response?

    <p>Limited specificity and short-term protection. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)?

    <p>A severe, systemic response to infection with the potential for organ damage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key characteristic of the innate immune response?

    <p>Limited specificity and rapid response. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity is responsible for providing long-term protection against pathogens?

    <p>Acquired immunity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a step involved in the process of antigen recognition by the acquired immune response?

    <p>Release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of DNA methylation on gene activity?

    <p>Decreased transcription (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a known mechanism of epigenetic modification?

    <p>Acetylation of guanine nucleotides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do histone modifications influence gene activity?

    <p>By affecting chromatin accessibility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the GR gene and stress response?

    <p>The GR gene regulates the production of stress hormones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can epigenetics be targeted to improve livestock stress resilience?

    <p>By manipulating epigenetic mechanisms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of miRNA-18 and miRNA-124a in regulating GR levels?

    <p>They inhibit the GR gene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the zebra finch embryo's response to maternal song at higher temperatures?

    <p>It suggests that epigenetic modifications can be influenced by environmental factors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential consequence of chronic stress?

    <p>Impaired immune function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated heritability of the cortisol response 60 minutes after an ACTH challenge in porcine?

    <p>0.68 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated heritability of cortisol levels at awakening in humans?

    <p>0.28 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a modification that can occur on histone tails?

    <p>glycosylation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of microRNAs in regulating gene expression?

    <p>They bind to and degrade target mRNA or repress its translation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)?

    <p>Lipopolysaccharide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do modifications to histone tails affect gene expression?

    <p>They affect the binding of transcription factors to DNA. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the acronym 'H2' stand for in the context of this content?

    <p>Heritability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a stress hormone that can be used to measure individual resilience to stressors?

    <p>Cortisol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If you were looking for a fish species that will grow well in warm greenhouse water, which species might be most appropriate?

    <p>Tilapia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed of cattle would be most appropriate for increasing milk production in Brazil?

    <p>Holstein/Gir cross (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If you were faced with the challenge of increasing resistance of sheep to gastrointestinal parasites, which genetics could be introgressed into Canadian flocks?

    <p>Gulf Coast (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors could contribute to an increased risk of viral infection?

    <p>Disruption of circadian rhythms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the statement that "viral infection worsens when circadian rhythm is abolished by disruption of a key circadian clock gene encoding the transcription factor BMAL1"?

    <p>It highlights the importance of maintaining a regular sleep-wake cycle for health. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the information provided, what is the relationship between GHG emissions and the production of Q0 in Northern Europe?

    <p>GHG emissions are expected to increase the production of Q0 in Northern Europe. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How could genetic introgression be used to improve sheep resistance to gastrointestinal parasites?

    <p>By introducing genes from parasite-resistant breeds into Canadian flocks. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main implication of seasonal variation in human BMAL1 levels?

    <p>It suggests that humans are more susceptible to viral infections during winter months. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Animal Health and Stress

    • Animal health is crucial for livestock and aquaculture producers, impacting production, product quality, and disease risk.
    • Consumers demand high-quality, ethically produced animal products at reasonable prices.
    • Many livestock pathogens are zoonotic, meaning they can be transmitted to humans, making animal health crucial for human health.

    Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)

    • Antibiotics and other antimicrobials have been heavily used in livestock and aquaculture, contributing to AMR.
    • AMR pathogens are a significant concern and new strategies to maintain animal health are needed.

    Animal Stress Response

    • Domesticated animals experience various stressors (psychological, physical, chemical, biological).
    • Stress is defined as something that disrupts homeostasis and elicits a response.
    • The stress response is a conserved evolutionary response to perceived danger. It activates various physiological systems, including cardiovascular, metabolic, musculoskeletal, neuroendocrine, and immune systems. The response can manifest as "fight", "flight" or "freeze".
    • Excessive or chronic stress can lead to psychological, metabolic, reproductive, and immunological disorders, as well as increased susceptibility to infections and autoimmune diseases, and cancer.

    Animal Resilience to Stress

    • Resilient animals can withstand, adapt to, and recover from stress, maintaining homeostasis.
    • Genetics, environment, and epigenetic mechanisms influence stress resilience.
    • Animals with lower stress resilience may be more susceptible to disease from exposure to stressors.

    Examples of Stressors

    • Physical stressors: heat, cold, transport, noise, electrical restraint
    • Chemical stressors: mycotoxins, bacterial toxins, pro-inflammatory cytokines, neuropeptides
    • Biological stressors: microbes, pathogens, parasites, viral infections
    • Psychological stressors: isolation, re-grouping, noises

    Biomarkers of Stress

    • Biomarkers are biological indicators of stress, useful for monitoring animal health.
    • Examples include catecholamines, glucocorticoids, ACTH, cytokine levels, various antibodies, and temperature.

    Immune System in Response to Stress

    • The innate and adaptive immune systems play a vital role in restoring homeostasis.
    • Effective immune function is crucial for protecting against pathogens.
    • Microbial stressors may affect immune response.

    Stress, Disease, and Epigenetics

    • Genetic and epigenetic variations contribute to the variability in animal response to stress, and their resilience to disease.
    • Stress factors can be influenced by the environment and the animal's genetic predisposition.
    • Maternal factors and early life experiences can have long-term effects on immune and physiological development.

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    Related Documents

    Unit 1 Stress Response Notes 2025 Jan 20 PDF

    Description

    Explore the critical relationship between animal health, stress, and antimicrobial resistance in livestock and aquaculture. This quiz examines factors impacting production quality and zoonotic diseases, emphasizing the importance of maintaining animal health for both animal and human welfare. Test your knowledge on strategies to combat AMR and animal stress responses.

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