Antimicrobial Resistance: Epidemiology and Mechanisms
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of this session?

  • To note the effects of antimicrobial resistance on public health
  • To define antimicrobial resistance and its epidemiology (correct)
  • To explain the consequences of antimicrobial resistance
  • To understand the mechanism of antimicrobial resistance

    • What percentage of bacteria found in or on the human body are pathogenic?

  • About 10%
  • About 500 species (correct)
  • About 50%
  • About 1%

    • What type of pathogens take advantage of an unusually vulnerable host?

  • Harmful pathogens
  • Invasive pathogens
  • Commensal pathogens
  • Opportunistic pathogens (correct)

    • What is a characteristic of opportunistic pathogens?

    <p>They adapt quickly to changed conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do commensal bacteria do in the human body?

    <p>Live on the body without having any detrimental effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many species of bacteria are estimated to be pathogenic?

    <p>500</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of antimicrobial resistance?

    <p>Increased mortality rate due to untreatable infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism of antimicrobial resistance involves the production of enzymes to inactivate antimicrobial drugs?

    <p>Enzymatic Degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of efflux pumps in antimicrobial resistance?

    <p>To pump antimicrobial drugs out of the microbial cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of microorganism is targeted by antifungal drugs?

    <p>Fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of horizontal gene transfer in antimicrobial resistance?

    <p>Rapid spread of resistance traits within microbial populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of antiviral drugs?

    <p>Inhibition of viral replication or entry into host cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of antimicrobial drug targets various stages of the parasite's life cycle?

    <p>Antiparasitics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of altered target sites in antimicrobial resistance?

    <p>Decreased binding efficacy of antimicrobial drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern associated with antimicrobial resistance?

    <p>Dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of antimicrobial resistance on medical procedures?

    <p>Increased mortality rate due to untreatable infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of biofilms in relation to antimicrobial drugs?

    <p>To create a protective environment for microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do microorganisms modify antimicrobial drugs?

    <p>Through chemical modification by enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of overuse and misuse of antibiotics in agriculture?

    <p>Development of antimicrobial resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of inadequate surveillance and monitoring of antimicrobial use and resistance patterns?

    <p>Delayed identification of resistance trends</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the lack of new antibiotic development?

    <p>Fewer treatment options for infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of global travel and trade on antimicrobial resistance?

    <p>Rapid spread of resistant microorganisms and resistance genes across borders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of poor infection prevention and control in healthcare settings?

    <p>Increased risk of infections that are challenging to treat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of limited access to clean water and sanitation facilities?

    <p>Increased use of antimicrobials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials?

    <p>Increased selective pressure for the survival of resistant strains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the global impact of antimicrobial resistance?

    <p>Affects people at any stage of life, as well as the healthcare, veterinary, and agriculture industries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of even one antibiotic resistance?

    <p>Serious side effects, prolonged care, and potentially life-threatening conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trend of antibiotic use in England from 2014 to 2020?

    <p>A significant decline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage increase in antibiotic use in 2022 compared to 2021?

    <p>8.4%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated number of people in England who had an antibiotic-resistant infection in 2022?

    <p>58,224</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the increase in antibiotic-resistant infections?

    <p>Inappropriate and excessive antibiotic use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated number of deaths in 2019 due to antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections?

    <p>1.2 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the strategy to minimize antibiotic resistance?

    <p>Prudent Antibiotic Use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of Antibiotic Stewardship Programs?

    <p>To optimize antibiotic use and monitor resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Regulatory Measures in combating AMR?

    <p>To implement regulations on the use of antibiotics in agriculture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of losing the ability to treat infections due to antibiotic resistance?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the core principle of the 'One Health' approach in combating AMR?

    <p>Recognizing the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of providing education to healthcare professionals about AMR?

    <p>To encourage evidence-based prescribing and foster a culture of antimicrobial stewardship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of improving access to rapid and accurate diagnostic tools?

    <p>Enabling targeted antibiotic treatments and reducing unnecessary prescriptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key objective of antimicrobial stewardship in hospitals?

    <p>To reduce the risk of resistance by reducing antimicrobial usage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of antimicrobial stewardship?

    <p>An organisational or healthcare-system-wide approach to promoting and monitoring judicious use of antimicrobials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'easy win' in reducing antimicrobial usage?

    <p>Reducing inappropriate usage of antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

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