Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which property is NOT ideal for an antibiotic?

  • Broad spectrum
  • Bacteriostatic action (correct)
  • Good tissue distribution
  • Selective toxicity

What mechanism do antibacterial drugs primarily target?

  • Protein synthesis and cell membrane function (correct)
  • Cell wall synthesis only
  • DNA synthesis only
  • RNA replication only

Which of the following antibiotics is a penicillin that can act against penicillinase-producing Staphylococci?

  • Methicillin (correct)
  • Penicillin G
  • Amoxicillin
  • Ceftriaxone

Which type of antimicrobial agent is NOT classified under antibacterial agents?

<p>Antifungal drugs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a characteristic of bacteria that contributes to antibiotic resistance?

<p>Production of beta-lactamases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of antibiotics is specifically used mainly in the treatment of MRSA?

<p>Glycopeptides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common mechanism of resistance to β-lactam antibiotics?

<p>Enzymatic inactivation by β-lactamases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which generation of cephalosporins is noted for its broadest spectrum of activity against Gram-negative bacteria?

<p>4th generation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic acts by damaging bacterial DNA and is primarily used in treating urinary tract infections?

<p>Nitrofurantoin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a 30S inhibitor of protein synthesis?

<p>Erythromycin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

The use of chemicals to treat infections caused by microorganisms.

Antimicrobial Agents

Substances that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms, derived from biological sources or chemical synthesis.

Antibiotics

Antimicrobial agents that work against bacteria; they may be natural or synthetic.

Antiviral Drugs

Antimicrobial agents that work against viruses.

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Antifungal Drugs

Antimicrobial agents that work against fungi.

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Antibacterial Mechanism of Action

Different methods by which antibiotics affect bacteria, including cell wall synthesis, cell membrane function, protein synthesis, DNA replication, and more.

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Selective Toxicity

An antibiotic's ability to harm a microorganism without harming the host.

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Bacteriocidal

An antibiotic that kills bacteria.

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Bacteriostatic

An antibiotic that inhibits bacterial growth.

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Beta-Lactams

A class of antibiotics that work by interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis.

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Penicillins

A group of beta-lactam antibiotics that target bacterial cell walls.

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Cephalosporins

Antibiotics that target bacterial cell walls, categorized by generations with increasing spectrum of activity and effectiveness against Gram-negative bacteria.

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1st generation cephalosporins

Effective against Gram-positive bacteria and some Gram-negative bacteria.

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2nd generation cephalosporins

Show increased activity against Gram-negative bacteria compared to 1st generation.

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3rd generation cephalosporins

More effective against Gram-negative bacteria than generations before, targeting both Gram positives and negatives.

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4th generation cephalosporins

Broad spectrum activity, targeting many bacteria including Gram-positive and Gram-negative.

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Glycopeptides

Antibiotics that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis, targeting specific locations.

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Vancomycin

A glycopeptide antibiotic, primarily used against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

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Aminoglycosides

Antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis by targeting the 30S ribosomal subunit.

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Protein Synthesis Inhibitors

A large class of antibiotics targeting the protein creation process in bacteria.

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Mechanism of Resistance

Ways bacteria develop defense mechanisms against antibiotics.

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Study Notes

Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

  • The lecture title is Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
  • The instructor is Professor Doctor Mohammed Mahmoud El-Naggar
  • Instructor's department: Medical Microbiology and Immunology
  • Instructor's official email: [email protected]
  • Instructor's mobile phone (optional): 01126625177
  • Instructor's academic hours: Sunday 10:00-12:00 AM
  • Learning outcomes:
    • Describe the mechanism of action of different classes of antimicrobials
    • Identify causes and mechanisms of bacterial resistance
    • Identify different methods of antibiotic sensitivity
  • Topics covered:
    • Classification and mechanism of action of antimicrobials on bacteria
    • Bacterial resistance to antimicrobials
  • Antimicrobial agents:
    • Chemical substances derived from biological sources or produced through chemical synthesis
    • Kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms
    • Antibiotic: Naturally occurring and synthetically derived organic compounds inhibiting or destroying selective bacteria

Antimicrobial Drugs

  • Categorized into:
    • Antibacterial drugs (antibiotics)
    • Antiviral drugs
    • Antifungal drugs

Antibacterial Agents - Mechanism of Action

  • Cell wall synthesis:
    • Cycloserine
    • Vancomycin
    • Teicoplanin
    • Bacitracin
    • Penicillins
    • Cephalosporins
    • Monobactams
  • Cell membrane function:
    • Polymyxins
  • Protein synthesis:
    • Folic acid metabolism inhibitors (Trimethoprim, Sulfonamides)
    • 30S inhibitors (Aminoglycosides, Tetracyclines)
    • 50S inhibitors (Macrolides, Chloramphenicol)

Cell Wall Inhibitors

  • Beta-lactams:
    • Penicillins (natural, penicillinase-resistant, extended-spectrum)
    • Cephalosporins (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th generation)
    • Monobactams
    • Carbapenems
  • Glycopeptides:
    • Vancomycin
  • Lipoglycopeptide
  • Polypeptides

Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis

  • 30S inhibitors:
    • Aminoglycosides (Gentamicin, Amikacin)
    • Tetracyclines (Oxytetracycline)
  • 50S inhibitors:
    • Macrolides (Erythromycin)
    • Chloramphenicol

Inhibitors of Cell Membrane

  • Polymyxins
  • Cyclic lipopeptides (Daptomycin)

Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid Synthesis

  • Sulphonamides
    • Act by inhibiting precursor for DNA synthesis
    • Trimethoprim, used in Chemoprophylaxis against meningococcal meningitis
  • Quinolones
    • Target: Topoisomerases (e.g., DNA gyrase)
    • Examples: Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin
  • Furanes
    • Act by damaging bacterial DNA
    • Nitrofurantoin, broad spectrum activity in urinary tract infections
  • Rifampicin
    • Acts through inhibition of RNA polymerase
    • Reserved as antituberculous

Mechanisms of Resistance

  • Reduction of intracellular antibiotic accumulation (efflux pump)
  • Enzymatic inactivation (β-lactamases)
  • Alteration of target site (mutations)
  • Alteration of metabolic pathway

Origin of Drug Resistance

  • Non-genetic
  • Genetic:
    • Chromosomal
    • Extra chromosomal

Additional Antimicrobial Agents

  • Sulphonamides
  • Rifampicin
  • Cephalosporins
  • Aminoglycosides
  • Tetracyclines

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Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Lecture Notes PDF

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