38 Questions
What is a key reason for infectious diseases that were once considered incurable becoming curable?
Inhibition of bacterial ribosomes
Which region had the highest death rate associated with Antibiotic Resistance in 2019 according to the text?
Western sub-Saharan Africa
Which of the following is not one of the six leading pathogens mentioned in the text?
Streptococcus pyogenes
Which antibiotic was mentioned as the most prescribed in the community in 2021?
Amoxicillin
How many unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions were estimated to have been given in 2021?
~20 million
What amount was spent on treating the six leading infections in 2021 according to Nelson et al.?
$4.6 billion
What is the main difference between static and cidal antimicrobial activity?
Static activity causes irreversible loss of ability to reproduce, while cidal activity causes reversible loss of ability to reproduce.
Which type of drug absorption is influenced by factors such as chemistry and intestinal transit time?
Oral absorption
Which body organ is primarily responsible for the excretion of drugs like penicillin, vancomycin, and cephalosporins?
Kidneys
What principle of pharmacokinetics explains the phenomenon of competing similar molecules delaying drug elimination?
Excretion principle
In the context of antimicrobials, what does MIC stand for?
Minimal Inhibitory Concentration
Which type of antimicrobial activity results in continuing antibacterial effects even after drug removal?
Post-Antibiotic Effect
What is the primary function of pharmacodynamics in the context of antimicrobials?
Interaction of drug with target bacterium
Which factor influences the amount absorbed in oral doses?
Intestinal transit time
Which type of absorption method results in poor penetration into eyes, prostate, and CNS for penicillin?
Oral absorption
What is the influence of protein binding on drug interactions according to pharmacokinetics?
Only drugs free from protein binding can interact with pathogens
Which of the following is considered a concerning threat according to the text?
Erythromycin-resistant Group A Streptococcus
What is one of the sources for antibacterials mentioned in the text?
Semi-synthetic
Which pathogen has the potential to be treated by 19 of the antibacterial agents mentioned in the text?
Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
What do companies need in terms of return to invest in a new drug?
$200 million a year
Which phase includes small clinical trials in humans to collect initial data on efficacy and safety?
Phase I
What is the concern regarding antibiotic development costs according to the text?
$65 million is not enough return for companies investing in antibiotics
Which issue does One Health emphasize according to the text?
Health linkages among humans, animals, and the environment
What global issue facilitates the worldwide spread of antimicrobial resistance that occurs locally?
Global travel
Which bacterial pathogen resistant to antibiotic drugs is threatening our ability to treat patients according to the text?
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
What is the purpose of Investigational New Drug Application (IND) mentioned in the text?
Approval prior to clinical trials to ensure safety
What is the gold standard for evaluating pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic antibiotics?
AUC/MIC
Which of the following PK/PD indices represents the cumulative percentage of a 24-hour period that the antibiotic concentration is above the MIC?
T>MIC
What parameter is used to classify if a drug is bacteriostatic or bactericidal?
MIC value
Which drug class is associated with a high post-antibiotic effect (PAE)?
Aminoglycosides
What is the purpose of Monte Carlo Simulation in pharmacodynamics studies?
To generate random PK and MIC values
Which pharmacodynamic parameter involves the area under the concentration-time curve of an antibiotic?
AUC/MIC
What is the Post-Antibiotic Effect (PAE) defined as?
Continued activity of antibiotic after it is removed
Which factor does NOT influence the Post-Antibiotic Effect (PAE) according to the text?
Presence of host response
Which type of antibiotics display prolonged Post-Antibiotic Effect (PAE) against susceptible organisms?
Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors
What do Clinical Breakpoints help determine in relation to antibiotic therapy?
The probability of a cure based on dosing regimen
What is the primary challenge highlighted in the text regarding Gram-negative resistance?
Diminished antibiotic discovery programs
What is recommended by the CDC for all hospitals in response to antibiotic stewardship?
Implementation of Infection Control programs
Test your knowledge on the introduction to antimicrobial chemotherapy with this quiz covering topics such as the selectivity of target cell wall synthesis, inhibition of bacterial ribosomes, and global impact of antibiotic resistance.
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