Antihistamines and Their Effects
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Questions and Answers

Which histamine receptor do antihistamines primarily act on?

  • H4 receptor
  • H3 receptor
  • H1 receptor (correct)
  • H2 receptor

    • Which drug is known to produce high sedation?

  • Promethazine (correct)
  • Loratadine
  • Fexofenadine
  • Cetirizine

    • Which therapeutic use is NOT associated with antihistamines?

  • Local anesthetic effect
  • Increasing histamine levels (correct)
  • Blocking histamine release from mast cells
  • Treatment of allergic disorders

    • What is the usual adult dosage for Chlorpheniramine maleate?

    <p>4–12mg/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antihistamine drug exhibits a local anesthetic effect?

    <p>Promethazine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is Chlorpheniramine maleate used to treat in children aged 2-12 years?

    <p>Seasonal allergic rhinitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a symptom caused by high histamine levels?

    <p>Increased energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which among the following is NOT an effect of antihistamines?

    <p>Increase histamine release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder involves preventing the movement or shaking that happens with cold?

    <p>Motion sickness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum dosage of Chlorpheniramine maleate for children aged 6 years or less?

    <p>12mg/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT treated by Diphenhydramine?

    <p>Nausea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum daily dosage of Diphenhydramine for adults?

    <p>400 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should Diphenhydramine be administered to alleviate gastrointestinal symptoms?

    <p>With meals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side effect is shared by both Diphenhydramine and Promethazine?

    <p>Anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the suggested methods to combat dry mouth while taking Diphenhydramine?

    <p>Using a humidifier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug can be given via intramuscular administration?

    <p>Both Diphenhydramine and Promethazine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What precaution should patients take when performing activities such as showering or bathing while on Diphenhydramine?

    <p>Being cautious to prevent dizziness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism of action is associated with Promethazine?

    <p>Competes with histamine at receptor sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of people are particularly vulnerable to the toxicity of antihistamines?

    <p>Infants, children, and elderly people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Chlorpheniramine maleate primarily used to relieve?

    <p>Sneezing, runny nose, and watery eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Chlorpheniramine maleate work?

    <p>By blocking histamine receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum daily dose of Chlorpheniramine maleate for children aged 6 to 12 years?

    <p>12 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a contraindication for Chlorpheniramine maleate?

    <p>Common cold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the form of Chlorpheniramine maleate?

    <p>Crystalline powder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of Diphenhydramine?

    <p>Night time sedation and allergies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of these is an indication of Diphenhydramine?

    <p>Motion sickness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done in case of a suspected overdose of Diphenhydramine?

    <p>Administer Diphenhydramine syrup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a side effect of Primethazine?

    <p>Lowering blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Primethazine primarily used for?

    <p>Relief of allergy symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug is Primethazine?

    <p>Antihistamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which should be avoided during the treatment of methaine?

    <p>Insult</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a contraindication for Diphenhydramine?

    <p>Hyperthyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT treated with Promethazine?

    <p>Glaucoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum daily oral dose of Promethazine for adults?

    <p>50 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a side effect of Promethazine?

    <p>Euphoria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug increases Promethazine’s CNS depression?

    <p>Alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What precaution should be taken regarding machinery when using Promethazine?

    <p>Avoid use of machinery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which condition is Diphenhydramine NOT indicated?

    <p>Asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended dosage of Meclizine for children 6 to 12 years old?

    <p>25 mg 1 to 3 times daily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is used to treat allergic skin reactions and motion sickness?

    <p>Meclizine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common side effect of Dimenhydrinate?

    <p>Drowsiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided when taking Promethazine to ensure safety?

    <p>CNS depressants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of gentamycin ear drops?

    <p>To treat bacterial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many times a day should gentamycin ear drops typically be used?

    <p>3 to 4 times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a contraindication for gentamycin ear drops?

    <p>Ear drum perforation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is treated with clotrimazole ear drops?

    <p>Otomycosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of clotrimazole solution is typically used for ear infections?

    <p>1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For how many days should clotrimazole ear drops be used to treat ear infections?

    <p>15 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of chloramphenicol?

    <p>It binds to the 50s ribosomal subunit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is not an indication for chloramphenicol?

    <p>Otitis media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What side effect is common with the use of chloramphenicol?

    <p>Irritation of eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dosage for chloramphenicol eye/ear drops in trachoma therapy?

    <p>2 to 3 drops 2 to 4 times a day for one to two months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a side effect of Phenylephrine?

    <p>Irritation of eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phenylephrine is contraindicated in patients with which condition?

    <p>Pheochromocytoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration of action for Phenylephrine?

    <p>2 to 4 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an indication for gentamycin eye/ear drops?

    <p>Corneal ulcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main use of Gentamicin ear drops?

    <p>Treatment of infections of the eyes, ears and skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT an indication for Gentamicin ear drops?

    <p>Fungal infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct dosage of Clotrimazole ear drops?

    <p>2 to 3 drops 3 to 4 times a day for 7 days or until symptoms disappear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a contraindication for both Gentamicin and Clotrimazole ear drops?

    <p>Perforation of tympanic membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What side effect is associated with Gentamicin ear drops?

    <p>Irritation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an effect of Clotrimazole?

    <p>Antibacterial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of Dimenhydrinate?

    <p>Prevention of nausea, vomiting, and dizziness caused by motion sickness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant side effect of Hydroxyzine, unlike its metabolite cetirizine?

    <p>Drowsiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life of Dimenhydrinate?

    <p>1-4 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Through which organ is Hydroxyzine primarily metabolized?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an action few antihistamines exert?

    <p>Anti-vertigo action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a brand name for Hydroxyzine?

    <p>Atarax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the protein binding percentage for Dimenhydrinate?

    <p>96-99%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 't ½' refer to in pharmacokinetics?

    <p>Half-life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following brand names contain Gentimicin sulphate?

    <p>Gentimicin H ear drops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common use for chirumenolytics?

    <p>To soften impacted ear wax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ingredient is contained in Hydrocortisone ear drops?

    <p>Hydrocortisone sodium succinate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the indication for using Cholumenol?

    <p>To dissolve ear wax and relieve ear discomfort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dosage is recommended for chirumenolytics in each ear?

    <p>4-6 drops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a contraindication for using chirumenolytics?

    <p>Ulcer coma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brand name contains polymyxin B sulphate and neomycin sulphate?

    <p>Oliv-Ear drops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pharmacologic area do mydriatic drugs belong to?

    <p>Drugs that dilate the pupil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is commonly used in nasal medicines and inhalants?

    <p>Isotonic saline solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided to maintain the sterility of the dropper for ear drops?

    <p>Touching the top of the dropper with fingers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Here are the study notes:

    • Antihistamines*
    • Antihistamines are drugs that antagonize histamine in the body
    • Used for symptomatic treatment of allergic disorders
    • Classified into two types: H1 and H2 receptors
    • Drugs producing low sedation:*
    • Cetirizine
    • Fexofenadine
    • Loratadine
    • Terfenadine
    • Drugs producing high sedation:*
    • Diphenhydramine
    • Promethazine
    • Meclizine
    • Cyclizine
    • Dimenhydrinate
    • Mechanism of action of antihistamines:*
    • Block histamine H1 receptors in tissue
    • Prevent histamine release from mast cells
    • Exhibit anticholinergic effects
    • Possess local anesthetic effect
    • Suppress motion sickness
    • Therapeutic uses of antihistamines:*
    • Symptomatic treatment of allergic disorders
    • Preventing motion sickness
    • Treating symptoms of a sudden rash or skin reaction
    • Treating inner ear problems
    • Preventing airsickness
    • Chlorpheniramine Maleate*
    • An antihistamine that inhibits histamine release
    • Used to relieve symptoms of allergic reactions, common cold, and hay fever
    • Dosage: 4-12mg/day in divided doses
    • Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride*
    • An antihistamine that blocks histamine receptors
    • Used to relieve symptoms of allergy, insomnia, and motion sickness
    • Dosage: 25-50mg 3-4 times a day
    • Side effects: drowsiness, dizziness, constipation, dry mouth
    • Promethazine*
    • An antihistamine that competes with histamine at receptor sites
    • Used to relieve symptoms of allergy, insomnia, and motion sickness
    • Dosage: 25-50mg 3-4 times a day
    • Side effects: drowsiness, dizziness, constipation, dry mouth
    • Meclizine*
    • An antihistamine used to treat motion sickness and allergic reactions
    • Dosage: 25-50mg every 12-24 hours
    • Dimenhydrinate*
    • An antihistamine used to prevent and treat motion sickness
    • Dosage: 25-50mg every 12 hours
    • Side effects: drowsiness, dizziness, dry mouth, constipation
    • Cinnarizine*
    • An antihistamine used to prevent and treat motion sickness
    • Dosage: 25-50mg every 12 hours
    • Side effects: drowsiness, dizziness, dry mouth, constipation
    • Gentamycin and Chloramphenicol*
    • Gentamycin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic
    • Chloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic
    • Used to treat bacterial infections
    • Phenylephrine*
    • A sympathomimetic amine that stimulates alpha-adrenergic receptors
    • Used to treat hypotension, shock, and nasal congestion
    • Dosage: 1mg intravenously repeated every 10-15 minutes as needed
    • Hydroxyzine*
    • An antihistamine that competes with histamine at receptor sites
    • Used to relieve symptoms of allergy, anxiety, and insomnia
    • Dosage: 25-50mg 3-4 times a day
    • Side effects: drowsiness, dizziness, dry mouth, constipation### Brand Names
    • Chlormumenol is sold under brand names such as Adivas, Dodawan, Sivas, Norn, Wave, Ourn, and Was Drops.

    Nursing Care

    • When administering drops to adult patients, the dropper head should be held up, and care should be taken to avoid contaminating the dropper tip with fingers.
    • To prevent contamination, the dropper should be stored in a sterile bag, and the cotton plug should be kept in place for 15-30 minutes.
    • Patients should be advised to discontinue use if they do not experience relief and to store solutions out of reach of children in a cold, well-protected place.

    Ophthalmic Drugs

    • Mydriatics, such as atropine, dilate the pupil.
    • Miotics, such as pilocarpine, constrict the pupil.
    • Topical preparations, nasal medicines, and inhalants are used to treat diseases affecting the conjunctiva and cornea.
    • Isotonic saline solution and anti-allergenic drops are used for nasal decongestion.

    Decomgestants

    • Oxymetazoline Hydrochloride is a type of decomgestant drug.

    Miscellaneous

    • Oral sprays are used to reduce migraine and headache.

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    Description

    Learn about antihistamines, their classification into H1 and H2 receptors, and their use in treating allergic disorders, including examples of drugs with low and high sedation effects.

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