Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which histamine receptor do antihistamines primarily act on?
Which histamine receptor do antihistamines primarily act on?
- H4 receptor
- H3 receptor
- H1 receptor (correct)
- H2 receptor
Which drug is known to produce high sedation?
Which drug is known to produce high sedation?
- Promethazine (correct)
- Loratadine
- Fexofenadine
- Cetirizine
Which therapeutic use is NOT associated with antihistamines?
Which therapeutic use is NOT associated with antihistamines?
- Local anesthetic effect
- Increasing histamine levels (correct)
- Blocking histamine release from mast cells
- Treatment of allergic disorders
What is the usual adult dosage for Chlorpheniramine maleate?
What is the usual adult dosage for Chlorpheniramine maleate?
Which antihistamine drug exhibits a local anesthetic effect?
Which antihistamine drug exhibits a local anesthetic effect?
Which condition is Chlorpheniramine maleate used to treat in children aged 2-12 years?
Which condition is Chlorpheniramine maleate used to treat in children aged 2-12 years?
Which of the following is not a symptom caused by high histamine levels?
Which of the following is not a symptom caused by high histamine levels?
Which among the following is NOT an effect of antihistamines?
Which among the following is NOT an effect of antihistamines?
Which disorder involves preventing the movement or shaking that happens with cold?
Which disorder involves preventing the movement or shaking that happens with cold?
What is the maximum dosage of Chlorpheniramine maleate for children aged 6 years or less?
What is the maximum dosage of Chlorpheniramine maleate for children aged 6 years or less?
Which symptom is NOT treated by Diphenhydramine?
Which symptom is NOT treated by Diphenhydramine?
What is the maximum daily dosage of Diphenhydramine for adults?
What is the maximum daily dosage of Diphenhydramine for adults?
How should Diphenhydramine be administered to alleviate gastrointestinal symptoms?
How should Diphenhydramine be administered to alleviate gastrointestinal symptoms?
Which side effect is shared by both Diphenhydramine and Promethazine?
Which side effect is shared by both Diphenhydramine and Promethazine?
What is one of the suggested methods to combat dry mouth while taking Diphenhydramine?
What is one of the suggested methods to combat dry mouth while taking Diphenhydramine?
Which drug can be given via intramuscular administration?
Which drug can be given via intramuscular administration?
What precaution should patients take when performing activities such as showering or bathing while on Diphenhydramine?
What precaution should patients take when performing activities such as showering or bathing while on Diphenhydramine?
Which mechanism of action is associated with Promethazine?
Which mechanism of action is associated with Promethazine?
Which group of people are particularly vulnerable to the toxicity of antihistamines?
Which group of people are particularly vulnerable to the toxicity of antihistamines?
What is Chlorpheniramine maleate primarily used to relieve?
What is Chlorpheniramine maleate primarily used to relieve?
How does Chlorpheniramine maleate work?
How does Chlorpheniramine maleate work?
What is the maximum daily dose of Chlorpheniramine maleate for children aged 6 to 12 years?
What is the maximum daily dose of Chlorpheniramine maleate for children aged 6 to 12 years?
Which of the following is NOT a contraindication for Chlorpheniramine maleate?
Which of the following is NOT a contraindication for Chlorpheniramine maleate?
What is the form of Chlorpheniramine maleate?
What is the form of Chlorpheniramine maleate?
What is the primary use of Diphenhydramine?
What is the primary use of Diphenhydramine?
Which one of these is an indication of Diphenhydramine?
Which one of these is an indication of Diphenhydramine?
What should be done in case of a suspected overdose of Diphenhydramine?
What should be done in case of a suspected overdose of Diphenhydramine?
Which of the following is not a side effect of Primethazine?
Which of the following is not a side effect of Primethazine?
What is Primethazine primarily used for?
What is Primethazine primarily used for?
What type of drug is Primethazine?
What type of drug is Primethazine?
Which should be avoided during the treatment of methaine?
Which should be avoided during the treatment of methaine?
Which of the following is a contraindication for Diphenhydramine?
Which of the following is a contraindication for Diphenhydramine?
Which condition is NOT treated with Promethazine?
Which condition is NOT treated with Promethazine?
What is the maximum daily oral dose of Promethazine for adults?
What is the maximum daily oral dose of Promethazine for adults?
Which of the following is a side effect of Promethazine?
Which of the following is a side effect of Promethazine?
Which drug increases Promethazine’s CNS depression?
Which drug increases Promethazine’s CNS depression?
What precaution should be taken regarding machinery when using Promethazine?
What precaution should be taken regarding machinery when using Promethazine?
For which condition is Diphenhydramine NOT indicated?
For which condition is Diphenhydramine NOT indicated?
What is the recommended dosage of Meclizine for children 6 to 12 years old?
What is the recommended dosage of Meclizine for children 6 to 12 years old?
Which medication is used to treat allergic skin reactions and motion sickness?
Which medication is used to treat allergic skin reactions and motion sickness?
Which of the following is a common side effect of Dimenhydrinate?
Which of the following is a common side effect of Dimenhydrinate?
What should be avoided when taking Promethazine to ensure safety?
What should be avoided when taking Promethazine to ensure safety?
What is the primary use of gentamycin ear drops?
What is the primary use of gentamycin ear drops?
How many times a day should gentamycin ear drops typically be used?
How many times a day should gentamycin ear drops typically be used?
Which of the following is a contraindication for gentamycin ear drops?
Which of the following is a contraindication for gentamycin ear drops?
Which condition is treated with clotrimazole ear drops?
Which condition is treated with clotrimazole ear drops?
What percentage of clotrimazole solution is typically used for ear infections?
What percentage of clotrimazole solution is typically used for ear infections?
For how many days should clotrimazole ear drops be used to treat ear infections?
For how many days should clotrimazole ear drops be used to treat ear infections?
What is the mechanism of action of chloramphenicol?
What is the mechanism of action of chloramphenicol?
Which condition is not an indication for chloramphenicol?
Which condition is not an indication for chloramphenicol?
What side effect is common with the use of chloramphenicol?
What side effect is common with the use of chloramphenicol?
What is the dosage for chloramphenicol eye/ear drops in trachoma therapy?
What is the dosage for chloramphenicol eye/ear drops in trachoma therapy?
Which of the following is not a side effect of Phenylephrine?
Which of the following is not a side effect of Phenylephrine?
Phenylephrine is contraindicated in patients with which condition?
Phenylephrine is contraindicated in patients with which condition?
What is the typical duration of action for Phenylephrine?
What is the typical duration of action for Phenylephrine?
Which of the following is an indication for gentamycin eye/ear drops?
Which of the following is an indication for gentamycin eye/ear drops?
What is the main use of Gentamicin ear drops?
What is the main use of Gentamicin ear drops?
Which condition is NOT an indication for Gentamicin ear drops?
Which condition is NOT an indication for Gentamicin ear drops?
What is the correct dosage of Clotrimazole ear drops?
What is the correct dosage of Clotrimazole ear drops?
Which of the following is a contraindication for both Gentamicin and Clotrimazole ear drops?
Which of the following is a contraindication for both Gentamicin and Clotrimazole ear drops?
What side effect is associated with Gentamicin ear drops?
What side effect is associated with Gentamicin ear drops?
Which of the following is NOT an effect of Clotrimazole?
Which of the following is NOT an effect of Clotrimazole?
What is the primary use of Dimenhydrinate?
What is the primary use of Dimenhydrinate?
What is a significant side effect of Hydroxyzine, unlike its metabolite cetirizine?
What is a significant side effect of Hydroxyzine, unlike its metabolite cetirizine?
What is the half-life of Dimenhydrinate?
What is the half-life of Dimenhydrinate?
Through which organ is Hydroxyzine primarily metabolized?
Through which organ is Hydroxyzine primarily metabolized?
Which of the following is an action few antihistamines exert?
Which of the following is an action few antihistamines exert?
Which of the following is a brand name for Hydroxyzine?
Which of the following is a brand name for Hydroxyzine?
What is the protein binding percentage for Dimenhydrinate?
What is the protein binding percentage for Dimenhydrinate?
What does the term 't ½' refer to in pharmacokinetics?
What does the term 't ½' refer to in pharmacokinetics?
Which of the following brand names contain Gentimicin sulphate?
Which of the following brand names contain Gentimicin sulphate?
What is a common use for chirumenolytics?
What is a common use for chirumenolytics?
Which ingredient is contained in Hydrocortisone ear drops?
Which ingredient is contained in Hydrocortisone ear drops?
What is the indication for using Cholumenol?
What is the indication for using Cholumenol?
What dosage is recommended for chirumenolytics in each ear?
What dosage is recommended for chirumenolytics in each ear?
Which of the following is a contraindication for using chirumenolytics?
Which of the following is a contraindication for using chirumenolytics?
Which brand name contains polymyxin B sulphate and neomycin sulphate?
Which brand name contains polymyxin B sulphate and neomycin sulphate?
Which pharmacologic area do mydriatic drugs belong to?
Which pharmacologic area do mydriatic drugs belong to?
Which drug is commonly used in nasal medicines and inhalants?
Which drug is commonly used in nasal medicines and inhalants?
What should be avoided to maintain the sterility of the dropper for ear drops?
What should be avoided to maintain the sterility of the dropper for ear drops?
Study Notes
Here are the study notes:
- Antihistamines*
- Antihistamines are drugs that antagonize histamine in the body
- Used for symptomatic treatment of allergic disorders
- Classified into two types: H1 and H2 receptors
- Drugs producing low sedation:*
- Cetirizine
- Fexofenadine
- Loratadine
- Terfenadine
- Drugs producing high sedation:*
- Diphenhydramine
- Promethazine
- Meclizine
- Cyclizine
- Dimenhydrinate
- Mechanism of action of antihistamines:*
- Block histamine H1 receptors in tissue
- Prevent histamine release from mast cells
- Exhibit anticholinergic effects
- Possess local anesthetic effect
- Suppress motion sickness
- Therapeutic uses of antihistamines:*
- Symptomatic treatment of allergic disorders
- Preventing motion sickness
- Treating symptoms of a sudden rash or skin reaction
- Treating inner ear problems
- Preventing airsickness
- Chlorpheniramine Maleate*
- An antihistamine that inhibits histamine release
- Used to relieve symptoms of allergic reactions, common cold, and hay fever
- Dosage: 4-12mg/day in divided doses
- Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride*
- An antihistamine that blocks histamine receptors
- Used to relieve symptoms of allergy, insomnia, and motion sickness
- Dosage: 25-50mg 3-4 times a day
- Side effects: drowsiness, dizziness, constipation, dry mouth
- Promethazine*
- An antihistamine that competes with histamine at receptor sites
- Used to relieve symptoms of allergy, insomnia, and motion sickness
- Dosage: 25-50mg 3-4 times a day
- Side effects: drowsiness, dizziness, constipation, dry mouth
- Meclizine*
- An antihistamine used to treat motion sickness and allergic reactions
- Dosage: 25-50mg every 12-24 hours
- Dimenhydrinate*
- An antihistamine used to prevent and treat motion sickness
- Dosage: 25-50mg every 12 hours
- Side effects: drowsiness, dizziness, dry mouth, constipation
- Cinnarizine*
- An antihistamine used to prevent and treat motion sickness
- Dosage: 25-50mg every 12 hours
- Side effects: drowsiness, dizziness, dry mouth, constipation
- Gentamycin and Chloramphenicol*
- Gentamycin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic
- Chloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic
- Used to treat bacterial infections
- Phenylephrine*
- A sympathomimetic amine that stimulates alpha-adrenergic receptors
- Used to treat hypotension, shock, and nasal congestion
- Dosage: 1mg intravenously repeated every 10-15 minutes as needed
- Hydroxyzine*
- An antihistamine that competes with histamine at receptor sites
- Used to relieve symptoms of allergy, anxiety, and insomnia
- Dosage: 25-50mg 3-4 times a day
- Side effects: drowsiness, dizziness, dry mouth, constipation### Brand Names
- Chlormumenol is sold under brand names such as Adivas, Dodawan, Sivas, Norn, Wave, Ourn, and Was Drops.
Nursing Care
- When administering drops to adult patients, the dropper head should be held up, and care should be taken to avoid contaminating the dropper tip with fingers.
- To prevent contamination, the dropper should be stored in a sterile bag, and the cotton plug should be kept in place for 15-30 minutes.
- Patients should be advised to discontinue use if they do not experience relief and to store solutions out of reach of children in a cold, well-protected place.
Ophthalmic Drugs
- Mydriatics, such as atropine, dilate the pupil.
- Miotics, such as pilocarpine, constrict the pupil.
- Topical preparations, nasal medicines, and inhalants are used to treat diseases affecting the conjunctiva and cornea.
- Isotonic saline solution and anti-allergenic drops are used for nasal decongestion.
Decomgestants
- Oxymetazoline Hydrochloride is a type of decomgestant drug.
Miscellaneous
- Oral sprays are used to reduce migraine and headache.
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Description
Learn about antihistamines, their classification into H1 and H2 receptors, and their use in treating allergic disorders, including examples of drugs with low and high sedation effects.
