Antihistamines and Their Effects

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Questions and Answers

Which histamine receptor do antihistamines primarily act on?

H4 receptor

H3 receptor

H1 receptor (correct)

H2 receptor

Which drug is known to produce high sedation?

Promethazine (correct)

Loratadine

Fexofenadine

Cetirizine

Which therapeutic use is NOT associated with antihistamines?

Local anesthetic effect

Increasing histamine levels (correct)

Blocking histamine release from mast cells

Treatment of allergic disorders

What is the usual adult dosage for Chlorpheniramine maleate?

4–12mg/day Signup and view all the answers

Which antihistamine drug exhibits a local anesthetic effect?

Promethazine Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is Chlorpheniramine maleate used to treat in children aged 2-12 years?

Seasonal allergic rhinitis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a symptom caused by high histamine levels?

Increased energy Signup and view all the answers

Which among the following is NOT an effect of antihistamines?

Increase histamine release Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder involves preventing the movement or shaking that happens with cold?

Motion sickness Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum dosage of Chlorpheniramine maleate for children aged 6 years or less?

12mg/day Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT treated by Diphenhydramine?

Nausea Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum daily dosage of Diphenhydramine for adults?

400 mg Signup and view all the answers

How should Diphenhydramine be administered to alleviate gastrointestinal symptoms?

With meals Signup and view all the answers

Which side effect is shared by both Diphenhydramine and Promethazine?

Anxiety Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the suggested methods to combat dry mouth while taking Diphenhydramine?

Using a humidifier Signup and view all the answers

Which drug can be given via intramuscular administration?

Both Diphenhydramine and Promethazine Signup and view all the answers

What precaution should patients take when performing activities such as showering or bathing while on Diphenhydramine?

Being cautious to prevent dizziness Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism of action is associated with Promethazine?

Competes with histamine at receptor sites Signup and view all the answers

Which group of people are particularly vulnerable to the toxicity of antihistamines?

Infants, children, and elderly people Signup and view all the answers

What is Chlorpheniramine maleate primarily used to relieve?

Sneezing, runny nose, and watery eyes Signup and view all the answers

How does Chlorpheniramine maleate work?

By blocking histamine receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum daily dose of Chlorpheniramine maleate for children aged 6 to 12 years?

12 mg Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a contraindication for Chlorpheniramine maleate?

Common cold Signup and view all the answers

What is the form of Chlorpheniramine maleate?

Crystalline powder Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of Diphenhydramine?

Night time sedation and allergies Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these is an indication of Diphenhydramine?

Motion sickness Signup and view all the answers

What should be done in case of a suspected overdose of Diphenhydramine?

Administer Diphenhydramine syrup Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a side effect of Primethazine?

Lowering blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is Primethazine primarily used for?

Relief of allergy symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What type of drug is Primethazine?

Antihistamine Signup and view all the answers

Which should be avoided during the treatment of methaine?

Insult Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a contraindication for Diphenhydramine?

Hyperthyroidism Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT treated with Promethazine?

Glaucoma Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum daily oral dose of Promethazine for adults?

50 mg Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a side effect of Promethazine?

Euphoria Signup and view all the answers

Which drug increases Promethazine’s CNS depression?

Alcohol Signup and view all the answers

What precaution should be taken regarding machinery when using Promethazine?

Avoid use of machinery Signup and view all the answers

For which condition is Diphenhydramine NOT indicated?

Asthma Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended dosage of Meclizine for children 6 to 12 years old?

25 mg 1 to 3 times daily Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is used to treat allergic skin reactions and motion sickness?

Meclizine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common side effect of Dimenhydrinate?

Drowsiness Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided when taking Promethazine to ensure safety?

CNS depressants Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of gentamycin ear drops?

To treat bacterial infections Signup and view all the answers

How many times a day should gentamycin ear drops typically be used?

3 to 4 times Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a contraindication for gentamycin ear drops?

Ear drum perforation Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is treated with clotrimazole ear drops?

Otomycosis Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of clotrimazole solution is typically used for ear infections?

1% Signup and view all the answers

For how many days should clotrimazole ear drops be used to treat ear infections?

15 days Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of chloramphenicol?

It binds to the 50s ribosomal subunit Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is not an indication for chloramphenicol?

Otitis media Signup and view all the answers

What side effect is common with the use of chloramphenicol?

Irritation of eyes Signup and view all the answers

What is the dosage for chloramphenicol eye/ear drops in trachoma therapy?

2 to 3 drops 2 to 4 times a day for one to two months Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a side effect of Phenylephrine?

Irritation of eyes Signup and view all the answers

Phenylephrine is contraindicated in patients with which condition?

Pheochromocytoma Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical duration of action for Phenylephrine?

2 to 4 hours Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an indication for gentamycin eye/ear drops?

Corneal ulcers Signup and view all the answers

What is the main use of Gentamicin ear drops?

Treatment of infections of the eyes, ears and skin Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT an indication for Gentamicin ear drops?

Fungal infections Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct dosage of Clotrimazole ear drops?

2 to 3 drops 3 to 4 times a day for 7 days or until symptoms disappear Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a contraindication for both Gentamicin and Clotrimazole ear drops?

Perforation of tympanic membrane Signup and view all the answers

What side effect is associated with Gentamicin ear drops?

Irritation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an effect of Clotrimazole?

Antibacterial Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of Dimenhydrinate?

Prevention of nausea, vomiting, and dizziness caused by motion sickness Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant side effect of Hydroxyzine, unlike its metabolite cetirizine?

Drowsiness Signup and view all the answers

What is the half-life of Dimenhydrinate?

1-4 hours Signup and view all the answers

Through which organ is Hydroxyzine primarily metabolized?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an action few antihistamines exert?

Anti-vertigo action Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a brand name for Hydroxyzine?

Atarax Signup and view all the answers

What is the protein binding percentage for Dimenhydrinate?

96-99% Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 't ½' refer to in pharmacokinetics?

Half-life Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following brand names contain Gentimicin sulphate?

Gentimicin H ear drops Signup and view all the answers

What is a common use for chirumenolytics?

To soften impacted ear wax Signup and view all the answers

Which ingredient is contained in Hydrocortisone ear drops?

Hydrocortisone sodium succinate Signup and view all the answers

What is the indication for using Cholumenol?

To dissolve ear wax and relieve ear discomfort Signup and view all the answers

What dosage is recommended for chirumenolytics in each ear?

4-6 drops Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a contraindication for using chirumenolytics?

Ulcer coma Signup and view all the answers

Which brand name contains polymyxin B sulphate and neomycin sulphate?

Oliv-Ear drops Signup and view all the answers

Which pharmacologic area do mydriatic drugs belong to?

Drugs that dilate the pupil Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is commonly used in nasal medicines and inhalants?

Isotonic saline solution Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided to maintain the sterility of the dropper for ear drops?

Touching the top of the dropper with fingers Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Here are the study notes:

Antihistamines*
Antihistamines are drugs that antagonize histamine in the body
Used for symptomatic treatment of allergic disorders
Classified into two types: H1 and H2 receptors
Drugs producing low sedation:*
Cetirizine
Fexofenadine
Loratadine
Terfenadine
Drugs producing high sedation:*
Diphenhydramine
Promethazine
Meclizine
Cyclizine
Dimenhydrinate
Mechanism of action of antihistamines:*
Block histamine H1 receptors in tissue
Prevent histamine release from mast cells
Exhibit anticholinergic effects
Possess local anesthetic effect
Suppress motion sickness
Therapeutic uses of antihistamines:*
Symptomatic treatment of allergic disorders
Preventing motion sickness
Treating symptoms of a sudden rash or skin reaction
Treating inner ear problems
Preventing airsickness
Chlorpheniramine Maleate*
An antihistamine that inhibits histamine release
Used to relieve symptoms of allergic reactions, common cold, and hay fever
Dosage: 4-12mg/day in divided doses
Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride*
An antihistamine that blocks histamine receptors
Used to relieve symptoms of allergy, insomnia, and motion sickness
Dosage: 25-50mg 3-4 times a day
Side effects: drowsiness, dizziness, constipation, dry mouth
Promethazine*
An antihistamine that competes with histamine at receptor sites
Used to relieve symptoms of allergy, insomnia, and motion sickness
Dosage: 25-50mg 3-4 times a day
Side effects: drowsiness, dizziness, constipation, dry mouth
Meclizine*
An antihistamine used to treat motion sickness and allergic reactions
Dosage: 25-50mg every 12-24 hours
Dimenhydrinate*
An antihistamine used to prevent and treat motion sickness
Dosage: 25-50mg every 12 hours
Side effects: drowsiness, dizziness, dry mouth, constipation
Cinnarizine*
An antihistamine used to prevent and treat motion sickness
Dosage: 25-50mg every 12 hours
Side effects: drowsiness, dizziness, dry mouth, constipation
Gentamycin and Chloramphenicol*
Gentamycin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic
Chloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic
Used to treat bacterial infections
Phenylephrine*
A sympathomimetic amine that stimulates alpha-adrenergic receptors
Used to treat hypotension, shock, and nasal congestion
Dosage: 1mg intravenously repeated every 10-15 minutes as needed
Hydroxyzine*
An antihistamine that competes with histamine at receptor sites
Used to relieve symptoms of allergy, anxiety, and insomnia
Dosage: 25-50mg 3-4 times a day
Side effects: drowsiness, dizziness, dry mouth, constipation### Brand Names
Chlormumenol is sold under brand names such as Adivas, Dodawan, Sivas, Norn, Wave, Ourn, and Was Drops.

Nursing Care

When administering drops to adult patients, the dropper head should be held up, and care should be taken to avoid contaminating the dropper tip with fingers.
To prevent contamination, the dropper should be stored in a sterile bag, and the cotton plug should be kept in place for 15-30 minutes.
Patients should be advised to discontinue use if they do not experience relief and to store solutions out of reach of children in a cold, well-protected place.

Ophthalmic Drugs

Mydriatics, such as atropine, dilate the pupil.
Miotics, such as pilocarpine, constrict the pupil.
Topical preparations, nasal medicines, and inhalants are used to treat diseases affecting the conjunctiva and cornea.
Isotonic saline solution and anti-allergenic drops are used for nasal decongestion.

Decomgestants

Oxymetazoline Hydrochloride is a type of decomgestant drug.

Miscellaneous

Oral sprays are used to reduce migraine and headache.

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Description

Learn about antihistamines, their classification into H1 and H2 receptors, and their use in treating allergic disorders, including examples of drugs with low and high sedation effects.