Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) and Immune Response

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What is the main function of Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) in the process of immune response?

To recognize and eliminate foreign substances directly
To engulf and digest foreign substances
To activate T cells and help them recognize antigens (correct)
To produce antibodies against specific antigens

What is the primary function of Class II MHC molecules in the immune response?

To produce antibodies against specific antigens
To present antigens to Cytotoxic T cells
To recognize and respond to foreign invaders
To help T helper cells recognize antigenic peptides (correct)

What is the process by which Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) take in foreign substances?

Phagocytosis and exocytosis
Pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis
Endocytosis and phagocytosis (correct)
Autophagy and apoptosis

What is the main difference between Class I and Class II MHC molecules?

Class I MHC molecules are recognized by TC cells, while Class II MHC molecules are recognized by TH cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome when a TH cell recognizes an antigen-MHC complex on an Antigen Presenting Cell (APC)?

The TH cell is activated to recognize the antigen (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of MHC molecules in the immune response?

To act as identification tags for the immune system (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of M1 macrophages in the immune response?

To initiate the inflammatory response by releasing chemokines (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of macrophage is responsible for monitoring for signs of infection or abnormalities in tissues?

Resident Macrophages (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of neutrophils in response to infection or trauma?

To phagocytically eliminate harmful microbes (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of cytokines produced by macrophages?

To recruit and activate other immune cells, such as leukocytes (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of macrophages in cell-mediated immunity?

To act as effector cells in response to T cell signals (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of dendritic cells in the immune response?

To act as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between resident macrophages and inflammatory macrophages?

Resident macrophages are involved in tissue repair, while inflammatory macrophages are involved in inflammation (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of mutations in the IL-10 receptor in Crohn's disease?

More severe and worsening symptoms of Crohn's disease (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of macrophages in the healing process after injury or infection?

To assist in the healing process by secreting growth factors and enzymes (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of eosinophils?

To release cytotoxic granules to eliminate pathogens (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the treatment of Crohn's disease?

To replace damaged cells with functional IL-10 receptors (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mast cells in the immune response?

To respond to danger stimuli and initiate an immune response (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of follicular dendritic cells in the immune response?

To display antigens to B-cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of antimicrobial peptides in damaging bacteria?

Membrane disruption, nutrient sequestration, and enzymatic degradation (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of granulocytes in the immune response?

To kill microbes by releasing toxins (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of stomach acid and enzymes in innate immunity?

To kill many pathogens (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in innate immunity?

To damage bacterial DNA, proteins, and cell structure (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of cytokines in the immune response?

To act as messengers, telling other cells what to do (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the proteins C3a and C5a in the immune response?

To help the immune system fight infections, clean up debris, and promote immune responses (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the trigger for the classical pathway of complement activation?

The binding of antibodies to antigens on the surface of pathogens (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the crucial enzyme formed in the classical pathway of complement activation?

C3 convertase (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the alternative pathway of complement activation?

The formation of the membrane-attack complex and cell lysis (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lectins in the lectin pathway of complement activation?

To bind to specific sugars on the surface of pathogens (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the common outcome of all three pathways of complement activation?

The formation of the membrane-attack complex and cell lysis (B) Signup and view all the answers