Immune System Function and Components

<p>T-Lymphocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Human (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Purulent inflammation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neutrophils (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They produce antibodies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Local Immune Response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alpha Fetoprotein Test (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dimer and Trimer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Specificity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TGF-β (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Syncytiotrophoblasts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synovial Membrane of Joints (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immunoglobulin IgG (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IgM (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytoplasm of the cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frank MacFarlane Burnet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elie Metchnikoff and Paul Ehrlich (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peptidoglycan (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Humoral Theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perform immune response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NOD-like receptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medulla of thymus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lymphopoiesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viral RNA in cytoplasm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Due to memory cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promote T-cell maturation and differentiation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lysozyme (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antigenic epitope (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C-type lectin receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TLR5 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Has a longer duration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fusion with lysosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phagolysosome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chemical structure of the antigen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mycobacterium tuberculosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CD4+ T cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B cells and T cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secretion of superoxide dismutase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spleen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Main part and epitope (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complete and incomplete (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipopolysaccharides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs), like dendritic cells, present processed antigens (peptides) to T cells using MHC molecules.

The process of presenting processed antigens (peptides) in complex with MHC molecules to T cells.

Lymphocytes that are activated and proliferate in response to their specific antigen.

A laboratory technique commonly used to quantify complement components in blood samples.

A laboratory test that assesses the activity of T lymphocytes by measuring their migration inhibition in response to specific antigens.

A type of therapeutic serum obtained by immunizing humans with specific antigens.

Immature neutrophils, known as band cells, that appear in the blood during purulent inflammation.

Neutrophils are the dominant type of immune cells in purulent inflammation.

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) are responsible for the localized immune defense at mucosal surfaces.

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a tumor marker used for certain embryonal-type tumors like testicular and liver cancers.

Secretory IgA, commonly found in mucosal secretions, exists as a dimer or a trimer.

Immunoglobulins exhibit specificity, meaning they bind to a specific antigen.

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) plays a critical role in inducing IgA production within MALT.

Fc receptors on syncytiotrophoblasts enable the transfer of IgG from the mother to the fetus.

The synovial membrane of joints is the primary target of the immune system in rheumatoid arthritis.

IgG is a type of immunoglobulin that plays a key role in the immune response, it is the most common type in the serum and is found in the blood.

The specific part of an antigen recognized by antibodies. It determines the antibody's specificity.

A group of receptors that recognize carbohydrate patterns on microbial surfaces. They're crucial for identifying and responding to pathogens.

A Toll-like receptor that specifically recognizes bacterial flagellin, a protein involved in bacterial motility. This recognition triggers an immune response.

The first exposure to an antigen. It's slower, less intense, but provides lasting immunity through memory cell generation.

The process where a phagosome, a vesicle containing engulfed material, fuses with a lysosome, a degradative organelle. This allows for the destruction of pathogens inside the cell.

The ability of a substance to elicit an immune response. It's determined by the specific chemical and structural features of the antigen.

A bacterium that can evade destruction by phagocytosis by blocking the fusion of the phagosome with the lysosome. This allows the bacteria to survive inside the cell.

The specialized type of immune cells responsible for recognizing and destroying infected cells. They kill cells displaying foreign antigens.

A type of immune cell that helps coordinate the immune response by activating other immune cells (like B cells and macrophages). They are crucial for antibody production.

These cells are involved in immune surveillance and can kill infected cells directly. They also help activate macrophages.

Specialized cells that present antigens to T lymphocytes, initiating adaptive immune responses. They are crucial for linking innate and adaptive immunity.

The organ responsible for filtering blood and antigen presentation. It's a key site for immune response initiation and development.

A complete antigen has both a carrier molecule and an epitope, the part that triggers an immune response. It can induce antibody production and other immune responses.

A type of antigen that cannot induce an immune response on its own. It needs to be attached to a carrier molecule to become immunogenic.

The pathway of complement activation triggered by Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from bacterial cell walls. It leads to the destruction of bacteria.

Cells that specialized in engulfing and destroying pathogens. They are a key part of the innate immune system.

Specialized cells in the Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT). They transport antigens from mucosal surfaces into lymphoid tissue for immune activation.

IgM is the first immunoglobulin produced in a primary immune response, making it a reliable marker of early infection. It's present in serum and appears rapidly after antigen exposure.

NOD-like receptors are cytoplasmic proteins that sense the presence of intracellular microbial components, acting as 'intracellular alarms' to initiate immune responses.

The clonal selection theory describes how an individual lymphocyte encounters a specific antigen and proliferates, giving rise to clones of cells that specifically target that antigen. It's a central concept in adaptive immunity.

Elie Metchnikoff and Paul Ehrlich are recognized as the pioneers of immunology for their groundbreaking research. Metchnikoff made significant contributions to cellular immunity while Ehrlich focused on humoral immunity, laying the groundwork for modern immunology.

Peptidoglycan is a structural component found in bacterial cell walls that NOD-like receptors detect. This interaction triggers the release of inflammatory mediators and initiates protective immune responses.

Paul Ehrlich, a prominent immunologist, developed the humoral theory of immunity, emphasizing the role of antibodies in defense against disease. He proposed the existence of antibody-producing cells, laying the foundation for our understanding of humoral immunity.

The immune system's primary function is to recognize and eliminate foreign pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. This protects the body from infection and disease.

NOD-like receptors (NLRs) play a crucial role in the assembly of inflammasomes. Inflammasomes activate inflammatory responses and pyroptosis, a form of programmed cell death, to eliminate pathogens.

Hassall's corpuscles are distinctive structures found in the medulla of the thymus. They are involved in the development and selection of T cells, helping ensure that only mature and functional T cells are released into the bloodstream.

Central lymphoid organs, such as the bone marrow and thymus, are the sites of lymphopoiesis, the production of lymphocytes. This involves the generation and maturation of both B cells and T cells, the key components of the adaptive immune system.

RIG-I and MDA5 are cytoplasmic receptors that detect viral RNA. They are part of the innate immune response that targets viral infections. Recognizing viral RNA triggers signaling pathways to activate antiviral defenses like interferon production.

The secondary immune response is characterized by its speed, strength, and longevity. This is due to memory cells, which retain information about previously encountered antigens. Upon re-exposure, memory cells rapidly activate, ensuring a swift and efficient immune response.

Thymosin, a hormone produced by the thymus, plays a vital role in the maturation and differentiation of T cells. It helps ensure that T cells develop into functional and self-tolerant immune cells capable of recognizing and eliminating pathogens.

Lysozyme is an enzyme produced by macrophages and neutrophils. Its main function is to break down the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls, weakening bacteria and making them more susceptible to other immune defenses.

Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that specialize in fighting large parasites, such as helminths (worms). They release cytotoxic substances that damage parasite tissues.

The somatic antigen of a bacterium, often referred to as the 'O antigen', is a major component of the bacterial cell wall. It is crucial for the identification and targeting of bacteria by the immune system.

Lysozyme is an enzyme found in many bodily fluids, including tears, saliva, and mucus. It functions as an antibacterial agent by targeting and breaking down the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.

MyD88 is a key adaptor protein involved in the signaling pathways of TLRs (Toll-like receptors). It acts as a molecular bridge, connecting TLRs to downstream signaling molecules, ultimately leading to the activation of immune responses.

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a protein produced by the liver during inflammation. It is a key marker of acute inflammation and plays a role in the innate immune response by binding to pathogens and promoting their elimination.