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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of agglutination by antibodies?
What is the primary function of agglutination by antibodies?
- Inducing apoptosis of infected cells
- Inactivating pathogens
- Impeding proliferation of pathogen
- Preventing pathogen binding to cells (correct)
What is the main role of opsonization in the immune response?
What is the main role of opsonization in the immune response?
- Preventing pathogen binding to cells
- Promoting phagocytosis (correct)
- Inactivating pathogens
- Inducing apoptosis of infected cells
Which antibody function involves activating Fc receptors on natural killer cells to induce apoptosis of infected cells?
Which antibody function involves activating Fc receptors on natural killer cells to induce apoptosis of infected cells?
- Anti-body dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (correct)
- Agglutination
- Degranulation
- Complement activation
What is the main function of a plasma cell?
What is the main function of a plasma cell?
Where does somatic hypermutation occur?
Where does somatic hypermutation occur?
During which stage of the immune response does somatic hypermutation occur?
During which stage of the immune response does somatic hypermutation occur?
What leads to optimal B-cell activation?
What leads to optimal B-cell activation?
When does antibody class switching occur during the immune response?
When does antibody class switching occur during the immune response?
What is the main function of a B cell?
What is the main function of a B cell?
How do plasma cells differ from mature B-cells in terms of structure and function?
How do plasma cells differ from mature B-cells in terms of structure and function?
Which antimicrobial mechanism involves antibodies binding to a target and promoting its engulfment by phagocytic cells?
Which antimicrobial mechanism involves antibodies binding to a target and promoting its engulfment by phagocytic cells?
What is the general role of memory B cells?
What is the general role of memory B cells?
Which antibody class is primarily involved in immediate hypersensitivity reactions, such as allergic responses?
Which antibody class is primarily involved in immediate hypersensitivity reactions, such as allergic responses?
Which cytokine is responsible for the initial development of B cells from hematopoietic stem cells?
Which cytokine is responsible for the initial development of B cells from hematopoietic stem cells?
Which cell type is NOT derived from common lymphoid progenitors under the influence of IL-7?
Which cell type is NOT derived from common lymphoid progenitors under the influence of IL-7?
Which cytokine stimulates class switching to IgE?
Which cytokine stimulates class switching to IgE?
What happens if the variable region of an antibody binds with lower affinity during somatic hypermutation?
What happens if the variable region of an antibody binds with lower affinity during somatic hypermutation?
Which cytokine stimulates class switching to IgA?
Which cytokine stimulates class switching to IgA?
What is the role of IL-21 in antibody production?
What is the role of IL-21 in antibody production?
What stimulates class switching to IgG subtypes?
What stimulates class switching to IgG subtypes?
Where does the B-cell move during the late primary response to undergo somatic hypermutation?
Where does the B-cell move during the late primary response to undergo somatic hypermutation?
Which antibody class is the best at activating complement system?
Which antibody class is the best at activating complement system?
Which antibody class is most relevant in secretions of the Upper respiratory tract?
Which antibody class is most relevant in secretions of the Upper respiratory tract?
BCRs are checked for self-reactivity once and if they react to self-antigen they undergo apoptosis
BCRs are checked for self-reactivity once and if they react to self-antigen they undergo apoptosis
Immature (transitional) B-cells travel from the bone marrow to the ________
Immature (transitional) B-cells travel from the bone marrow to the ________
Naive mature b-cells are sent to _______ via general circulation not lymphatic circulation
Naive mature b-cells are sent to _______ via general circulation not lymphatic circulation
Where do most b-cells reside inside a lymph node?
Where do most b-cells reside inside a lymph node?
Where do T-cells reside inside a lymph nodes
Where do T-cells reside inside a lymph nodes
In lymph nodes, Plasma cells are found in the....
In lymph nodes, Plasma cells are found in the....
CD21 and CD19 help antigen bind to BCR
CD21 and CD19 help antigen bind to BCR
Which co-stimulatory interaction stimulates cytokine release by Tfh?
Which co-stimulatory interaction stimulates cytokine release by Tfh?
Flashcards
Agglutination
Agglutination
Antibodies clump pathogens together, making them easier for the immune system to eliminate.
Opsonization
Opsonization
Antibodies mark pathogens for phagocytosis, improving immune response efficiency.
Fc receptor activation
Fc receptor activation
Triggers NK cell apoptosis of infected cells.
Plasma cells
Plasma cells
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Somatic hypermutation
Somatic hypermutation
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Affinity maturation
Affinity maturation
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B cell activation
B cell activation
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Antibody class switching
Antibody class switching
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B cell primary function
B cell primary function
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Plasma cell structure
Plasma cell structure
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Antibody engulfment
Antibody engulfment
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Memory B cells
Memory B cells
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IL-7
IL-7
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Common lymphoid progenitors
Common lymphoid progenitors
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IL-4
IL-4
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TGF-β
TGF-β
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IL-21
IL-21
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Germinal centers
Germinal centers
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IgG
IgG
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IgA
IgA
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Lymph node follicles
Lymph node follicles
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Lymph node paracortex
Lymph node paracortex
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CD21 and CD19
CD21 and CD19
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Tfh cells
Tfh cells
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Study Notes
Antibody Functions and Immune Response
- Agglutination by antibodies clumps pathogens together, making them easier to be recognized and eliminated by the immune system.
- Opsonization enhances phagocytosis by marking pathogens for engulfment, improving the efficiency of immune response.
- Fc receptor activation on natural killer (NK) cells leads to apoptosis of infected cells, a key function in fighting viral infections.
- Plasma cells produce antibodies, serving as the antibody-secreting machines of the immune system.
B-Cell Activation and Somatic Hypermutation
- Somatic hypermutation occurs in germinal centers of lymphoid tissues, where B cells undergo rapid mutation to enhance antibody affinity.
- This process takes place during the affinity maturation phase of the immune response.
- Optimal B-cell activation requires signals from T-helper cells, particularly through CD40-CD40L interaction.
- Antibody class switching happens after B cells are activated and often results in different antibody isotypes to better respond to specific pathogens.
B Cell Functions and Structural Differences
- The primary function of B cells is to produce antibodies that target specific antigens for immune neutralization.
- Plasma cells differ from mature B cells structurally, as they have larger rough endoplasmic reticula for increased antibody production and lose their ability to express surface immunoglobulin.
Antibody Mechanisms and Memory B Cells
- The antimicrobial mechanism related to engulfment involves antibodies coating pathogens (opsonization), promoting their uptake by phagocytes.
- Memory B cells play a crucial role in maintaining long-term immunity by rapidly responding to previously encountered antigens upon re-exposure.
Cytokines and B Cell Development
- IL-7 is vital for the initial development of B cells from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow.
- Common lymphoid progenitors differentiate into various immune cells; however, dendritic cells are not derived from these progenitors under IL-7 influence.
- IL-4 stimulates class switching to IgE, while TGF-β induces class switching to IgA.
- IL-21 enhances antibody production by stimulating B cells' growth and differentiation.
Location and Function of Antibodies
- Late primary response B cells move to germinal centers for somatic hypermutation.
- IgG is the antibody class best at activating the complement system, while IgA is primarily found in mucosal secretions, such as those in the upper respiratory tract.
Location within Lymph Nodes
- Immature B cells transition from the bone marrow and travel to peripheral tissues.
- Naive mature B cells circulate to secondary lymphoid organs, like lymph nodes, via general circulation.
- Most B cells reside in the follicles of lymph nodes, while T cells are primarily located in the paracortex regions.
- Plasma cells are found in the medullary cords of lymph nodes.
Co-Stimulatory Interactions
- CD21 and CD19 work together to enhance antigen binding to the B-cell receptor (BCR).
- Co-stimulatory interactions, particularly between Tfh cells and B cells, stimulate cytokine release, crucial for B cell activation and maturation.
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Description
Test your knowledge on antibody production and class switching, including the different cytokines secreted by T-helper cells and their induction of class switching to various immunoglobulin subtypes. This quiz material is based on Kuby Immunology (6th ed) Figure 11-19, page 271.
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