Antibiotics Overview Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of penicillins?

  • Interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis (correct)
  • Disrupt bacterial reproduction
  • Inhibit nucleotide synthesis
  • Inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria

Which of the following is a common adverse effect associated with penicillins?

  • Joint pain
  • Liver toxicity
  • Skin rash (correct)
  • Headaches

What is the primary mechanism of action of sulfonamides?

  • Inhibit bacterial nucleic acid synthesis
  • Enhance immune response against bacteria
  • Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis
  • Inhibit bacterial synthesis of folic acid (correct)

Penicillins are indicated for the treatment of which of the following infections?

<p>Skin infections from Gram-positive bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug interaction can decrease the effectiveness of oral contraceptives when taking penicillins?

<p>Simultaneous ingestion of acidic fruits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse effect is commonly associated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole?

<p>Photosensitivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For which of the following conditions is the combination of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole commonly indicated?

<p>Urinary tract infections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of penicillin treatment, which monitoring parameter is most important?

<p>Renal function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For which condition is penicillin not considered effective?

<p>Viral pharyngitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What interaction should be monitored when administering trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole?

<p>Enhanced anticoagulant effects of warfarin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'bactericidal' mean in relation to penicillins?

<p>Kills bacteria outright (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which monitoring parameter is crucial for patients on nitroimidazoles?

<p>Liver enzyme levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant adverse effect associated with the use of metronidazole?

<p>Dizziness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential adverse effect of penicillins that may indicate a serious allergic reaction?

<p>Anaphylaxis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which indication would require caution when prescribing penicillins due to potential hypersensitivity?

<p>History of cephalosporin allergy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions best describes metronidazole's mechanism of action?

<p>Disrupts DNA and protein synthesis in bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following should be avoided due to its potential nephrotoxicity when using sulfonamides?

<p>ACE inhibitors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect can combining penicillins with a beta-lactamase enzyme inhibitor have?

<p>Extended and more intense effect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common indication for the use of nitroimidazoles?

<p>Anaerobic bacterial infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms might indicate an overdose of sulfamethoxazole?

<p>Rash and fever (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of aminoglycosides?

<p>Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common adverse effect associated with vancomycin?

<p>Ototoxicity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For which condition is tetracycline typically indicated?

<p>Bacterial respiratory tract infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is associated with a black box warning for fluoroquinolones?

<p>Tendon rupture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended method for monitoring peak and trough levels of vancomycin?

<p>Peak: 30 minutes after dose; Trough: 30 minutes before dose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following interactions can increase the risk of nephrotoxicity when taking aminoglycosides?

<p>NSAIDs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern when administering fluoroquinolones to children?

<p>Tendon damage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which side effect is NOT associated with the use of tetracyclines?

<p>Cardiotoxicity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to mitigate 'Red Man Syndrome' when administering vancomycin?

<p>Dilute and infuse slowly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which complication is particularly monitored in patients receiving aminoglycosides?

<p>Nephrotoxicity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential consideration when administering doxycycline?

<p>Not for use in the first trimester of pregnancy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following indicates the action of fluoroquinolones?

<p>Interfere with the synthesis of bacterial DNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major side effect should be monitored for when using gentamicin?

<p>Auditory dysfunction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug interaction significantly affects the efficacy of tetracyclines?

<p>Antacids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should clinical effectiveness be evaluated after administering fluoroquinolones?

<p>After 48 to 72 hours (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Theophylline Increased Levels

Theophylline levels may increase in patients over 60, taking steroids, or after organ transplants, requiring monitoring.

Sulfonamides Adverse Effects

Sulfonamides can cause CNS effects (headache, dizziness), GI distress, and potential liver (hepatotoxicity) and kidney (nephrotoxicity) damage.

Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Combination

Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole works synergistically to increase response against bacterial infections, particularly those resistant to other antibiotics.

Nitroimidazoles Action

Nitroimidazoles disrupt DNA and protein synthesis in bacteria and protozoa, affecting their growth.

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Metronidazole Administration

Metronidazole can be given orally, intravenously, or topically.

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Myasthenia Gravis Exacerbation

Theophylline can exacerbate symptoms of myasthenia gravis in certain individuals.

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Crystalluria Prevention

To prevent crystalluria (crystal formation in urine) with certain medications, increase fluid intake.

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Potassium Increase with Drugs

Some medications, including ACE inhibitors and spironolactone, can cause a rise in potassium levels.

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Antidiabetic Interactions

Certain antibiotics can interact with oral antidiabetic agents, potentially affecting blood sugar control.

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Photosensitivity with Drugs

Photosensitivity to sunlight can be an adverse effect of some medications.

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Vancomycin

An antibiotic that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis, active against gram-positive bacteria.

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Nephrotoxic

Damaging to the kidneys.

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Ototoxicity

Damaging to the hearing.

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Red Man Syndrome

A flushing reaction of the skin, commonly associated with rapid IV vancomycin administration.

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Vancomycin Peak and Trough

Monitoring serum levels to ensure therapeutic effects are reached and toxicity is avoided.

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Tetracyclines

Antibiotics that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis, used for various infections.

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Doxycycline

A tetracycline used to treat infections.

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Contraindicated

A situation where a certain medication or therapy should not be used.

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Aminoglycosides

Antibiotics that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.

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Gentamicin

A common aminoglycoside antibiotic.

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Nephrotoxicity

Kidney damage.

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Ototoxicity

Hearing loss.

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CNS adverse effects

Central Nervous System adverse effects (e.g confusion, disorientation).

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GI distress

Gastrointestinal problems, such as nausea and diarrhea.

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Photosensitivity

Increased sensitivity to sunlight.

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Fluoroquinolones

Antibiotics that interfere with DNA enzymes.

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Penicillins Action

Penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics that interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis.

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Penicillins Adverse Effects

Common adverse effects include GI issues (N&V, diarrhea), allergic reactions, and potential superinfections.

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Amoxicillin Contraindications

Contraindications include allergies to penicillins and cephalosporins, as well as renal impairment and other specific conditions.

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Penicillins and Food Interactions

Acidic foods and juices may decrease the effectiveness of oral penicillins.

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Penicillins and Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors

Combining penicillins with beta-lactamase inhibitors can enhance their effect.

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Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins

These penicillins are resistant to breakdown by bacterial enzymes (penicillinase).

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Penicillin Route of Administration

Penicillins can be administered intravenously or intramuscularly, but may be given orally.

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Otitis Media Treatment

Penicillins are commonly used to treat otitis media.

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Penicillins Mechanism of Action

The drug interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis.

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Penicillin Effectiveness with Food

Penicillins are unaffected by food.

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Study Notes

Antibiotics, Antivirals, Antifungals

  • Penicillins (broad spectrum):

    • Beta-lactam ring interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis.
    • Used to treat otitis media, tonsillitis, sinusitis, and urinary tract infections.
    • Adverse effects include GI issues (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), skin discoloration, and anaphylaxis.
    • Amoxicillin is an example.
    • Penicillinase-resistant penicillins are effective against penicillinase-producing S. aureus (nafcillin).
      • Also used to treat endocarditis.
      • Adverse effects include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and renal impairment.
      • Less effective against gram-negative bacteria.

  • Cephalosporins:

    • Inhibit bacterial cell wall.
    • Used to treat otitis media and meningitis.
    • Adverse effects include phlebitis, injection site reactions, and GI distress.
      • Caution with hypersensitivity to penicillins.

  • Macrolides (broad spectrum):

    • Bind to 50S ribosomal subunits to inhibit protein synthesis.
    • Used for respiratory infections.
    • Examples include erythromycin, azithromycin.
      • Adverse effects: GI distress, diarrhea, and potentially increased risk of C. difficile.
      • Interactions with certain medications.

  • Fluoroquinolones:

    • Interferes with DNA enzymes necessary for bacterial synthesis.
    • Used for urinary tract infections.
    • Examples include ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin.
      • Adverse effects include CNS effects (headache, dizziness, insomnia).
      • Also bone marrow depression and rash.

  • Lincosamides:

    • Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.
    • Examples include clindamycin.
      • Adverse effects include bone marrow suppression.
      • Effective against gram-negative bacteria, but not as effective as other antibiotics.

  • Glycopeptides:

    • Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis.
    • Examples include vancomycin.
      • Adverse effects include nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, and red man syndrome.
      • Cardiac issues may occur during surgeries.
      • Monitor levels carefully.

  • Tetracyclines:

    • Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.
    • Adverse effects include GI distress, bone damage, tooth staining, rash, and hepatotoxicity..
    • Contraindicated in pregnant women and children under 8.

  • Aminoglycosides:

    • Inhibit protein synthesis.
    • Example: gentamicin.
      • Nephrotoxicity is a concern for aminoglycosides.

  • Sulfonamides/Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole:

    • Inhibits bacterial synthesis of folic acid, essential for growth.
    • Used for respiratory, and urinary tract infections.
    • Adverse effects include CNS problems, rashes, and bone marrow suppression.

  • Nitroimidazoles:

    • Disrupts DNA and protein synthesis in bacteria and protozoa.
    • Causes crystals in urine.
    • Example: metronidazole.
      • Adverse effects include CNS issues, GI distress, and nephrotoxicity.
      • Interactions with other medications.

  • Antituberculars:

    • Used to treat tuberculosis
    • Example: Isoniazid.
      • Adverse effects such as peripheral neuropathy, hepatotoxicity, and optic neuritis.
      • Also used in combination with other medications to prevent resistance.

  • Antimycobacterials:

    • Used to treat tuberculosis
    • Example: Rifampin.
      • Adverse effects include hepatotoxicity, and causing bodily fluids to turn orange.

  • Antifungals:

    • Increases permeability for Candida infections.
    • Example: fluconazole.
      • Possible adverse effect is hepatoxicity, so monitor hepatic function.

  • Antivirals for influenza:

    • Example: oseltamivir.
      • Decreases virus release from infected cells; taken within 48 hours of developing symptoms or within 48 hours of exposure.

  • Herpes Antivirals:

    • Example: Acyclovir, Valacyclovir.
      • Inhibit viral DNA synthesis.
      • Used to treat herpes viruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2).
      • Adverse effects include kidney dysfunction.

  • Antivirals for HIV:

    • Example: Zidovudine.
      • Inhibits viral enzyme reverse transcriptase.
      • Used to prevent HIV transmission.
      • Adverse effects include peripheral neuropathy, myopathy, and pancreatitis.

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Description

Test your knowledge on antibiotics, antifungals, and antivirals with this quiz. It covers the mechanism, uses, and adverse effects of various classes like penicillins, cephalosporins, and macrolides. Perfect for students in pharmacology and healthcare fields.

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