Antibiotics Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism through which penicillins exert their antibacterial effect?

  • Inhibition of protein synthesis
  • Inhibition of bacterial wall cell synthesis (correct)
  • Disruption of bacterial membrane integrity
  • Interference with nucleic acid synthesis

Which of the following adverse effects is commonly associated with the use of amoxicillin?

  • Respiratory failure
  • Neuropathic pain
  • Skin rashes (correct)
  • Hepatic failure

Which condition is a contraindication for administering penicillins?

  • Hypertension
  • Allergy to cephalosporins (correct)
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Chronic asthma

How do beta-lactamase enzyme inhibitors affect the efficacy of penicillins?

<p>They enhance the effects of penicillins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential interaction may occur with oral contraceptives when using penicillins?

<p>Decreased effectiveness of contraceptives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary action of Nafcillin in treating bacterial infections?

<p>Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a caution associated with Cephalosporins?

<p>Hypersensitivity to penicillins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of infections is Azithromycin primarily used to treat?

<p>Respiratory tract infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of infections are Cefepime and Ceftriaxone commonly used to treat?

<p>Gram-negative bacterial infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which potential side effect is associated with the use of Cefepime?

<p>Headaches (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the potential gastrointestinal symptoms associated with Erythromycin?

<p>Watery diarrhea and abdominal cramping (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Lincosamides?

<p>Effective against gram-negative bacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the macrolide class of antibiotics have on bacterial cells?

<p>Inhibits protein synthesis by binding to ribosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For which type of infection is Clindamycin indicated?

<p>Skin and gynecologic infections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential side effect of administering Azithromycin intravenously?

<p>Phlebitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the administration of Erythromycin involve to avoid phlebitis?

<p>Diluting with saline or dextrose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterial type is Clindamycin effective against?

<p>Gram-positive cocci (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of Glycopeptides in treating infections?

<p>Inhibiting cell wall synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential serious adverse effect of vancomycin that requires monitoring?

<p>Hearing loss (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions indicates a contraindication for the use of tetracyclines?

<p>Pregnancy during the first trimester (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect is commonly associated with the use of aminoglycosides like gentamicin?

<p>Ototoxicity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of fluoroquinolones?

<p>Interfere with DNA synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario are fluoroquinolones typically indicated?

<p>Urinary tract infections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can enhance the absorption of tetracyclines when taken with food?

<p>None of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can potentially increase the risk of nephrotoxicity when using aminoglycosides?

<p>Diuretics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism through which amoxicillin exerts its antibacterial action?

<p>Interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse effect is NOT typically associated with amoxicillin use?

<p>Renal impairment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bacteria do penicillins primarily target?

<p>Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential consequence of combining penicillins with beta-lactamase enzyme inhibitors?

<p>Extended and more intense antibacterial effect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is indicated as a contraindication for the use of penicillins?

<p>Previous allergy to cephalosporins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant caution to consider when prescribing penicillins?

<p>Hypersensitivity reactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do acidic fruits and juices impact the effectiveness of penicillins?

<p>They decrease the drug's absorption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse effect associated with Cephalosporins?

<p>Gastrointestinal distress (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterial infections can Nafcillin effectively treat?

<p>Skin and respiratory infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential complication may arise from administering Cefepime?

<p>Pseudomembranous colitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Ceftriaxone primarily exert its antibacterial effect?

<p>Inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of infections is Macrolides, such as Erythromycin, commonly prescribed for?

<p>Bacterial respiratory infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following precautions is necessary when using Ceftriaxone?

<p>Watch for hypersensitivity to lactams (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential reaction when using antibiotics like Cefepime with anticoagulants?

<p>Increased risk of bleeding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do Macrolide antibiotics have on bacterial cells?

<p>Inhibit protein synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what scenarios would Cephalosporins be prescribed with caution?

<p>In individuals with a known penicillin allergy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary adverse effect associated with vancomycin administration?

<p>Ototoxicity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is contraindicated when using tetracyclines?

<p>Pregnancy during the first trimester (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For what reason should the peak levels of aminoglycosides be monitored?

<p>Assess nephrotoxicity risk (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action for fluoroquinolones?

<p>Interference with bacterial DNA enzymes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of using aminoglycosides?

<p>Ototoxicity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which circumstances would fluoroquinolones typically be reserved for use?

<p>Patients who have no alternative treatment options (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following adverse effects is associated with the use of tetracyclines?

<p>Teeth staining (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended method of administering vancomycin to minimize the risk of toxicity?

<p>Dilute and administer over 60-90 minutes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which interaction is important to consider when prescribing tetracyclines?

<p>Antacids and iron-containing drugs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable effect of red man syndrome linked to vancomycin?

<p>Rash and blushing of the skin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of Sulfonamides in bacterial infections?

<p>Inhibit bacterial synthesis of folic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse effect is associated with the use of Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole?

<p>Rash and photosensitivity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important precaution to take when administering Nitroimidazoles?

<p>Ensure adequate hydration to prevent crystalluria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do Sulfonamides have when used in combination with Trimethoprim?

<p>Synergistic effect to increase efficacy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition should be monitored when using Theophylline in patients with myasthenia gravis?

<p>Exacerbation of respiratory symptoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the action of the macrolide antibiotic Azithromycin at low doses?

<p>It inhibits protein synthesis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is not associated with the use of Erythromycin?

<p>Skin rash (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major adverse effect can occur if Clindamycin is administered?

<p>Pseudomembranous colitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For which type of infections is Clindamycin specifically indicated?

<p>Gynecologic infections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacterial infection is primarily treated using Azithromycin?

<p>STIs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done when administering intravenous Erythromycin?

<p>Dilute with saline or dextrose. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the action of Lincosamides?

<p>They inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be considered when giving theophylline alongside other medications?

<p>It can enhance anticoagulant effects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of Clindamycin makes it effective against MRSA?

<p>It penetrates well into tissue. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a precaution when using azithromycin?

<p>It can cause hepatotoxicity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Penicillin mechanism of action

Penicillins inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis by interfering with the bacterial enzyme needed for cell division and cellular synthesis.

Adverse effects of Amoxicillin

GI upset (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), Allergic reactions (anaphylaxis), Superinfections, and renal impairment.

Amoxicillin use caution

Caution is needed for penicillin-allergic patients, patients with renal impairment, and those with a history of GI issues, like ulcerative colitis or pseudomembranous colitis.

Penicllinase-Resistant Penicillins

These are penicillin drugs that are effective against bacteria that produce penicillinase (the enzyme that breaks down penicillin) and are used to treat infections.

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Penicillins administration

Penicillins can be administered via IM (intramuscular) or IV (intravenous), but NOT always effective orally.

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Nafcillin

A penicillin antibiotic that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis, causing cell lysis.

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Cephalosporins

A broad-spectrum antibiotic class that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. 3rd generation includes ceftriaxone.

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Cefepime

A 4th generation cephalosporin antibiotic, that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. It's bactericidal and used for serious infections.

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Macrolides

Antibiotics that bind to 50S ribosomal subunits to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.

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Erythromycin

A macrolide antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits.

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Theophylline Use

Theophylline is used to treat respiratory infections, such as pneumonia, but can cause "C. difficile" diarrhea as a side effect.

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Erythromycin Action

Erythromycin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis in bacteria, killing them at high doses and slowing their growth at low doses.

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Azithromycin's Role

Azithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used to treat upper and lower respiratory infections, STIs, and skin infections. It's sometimes marketed as "Zpack" and is given over 7 days with slow tapering off.

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Azithromycin Administration

If given intravenously, dilute azithromycin with normal saline or dextrose to avoid phlebitis (vein inflammation).

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Lincosamide Mechanism

Lincosamides like clindamycin inhibit bacterial protein synthesis, preventing bacteria from growing and multiplying.

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Clindamycin Uses

Clindamycin is effective against certain bacteria, including MRSA and some skin and gynecologic infections, but NOT gram-negative bacteria.

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Clindamycin Adverse Effects

Clindamycin can cause gastrointestinal distress, bone marrow suppression, and potentially life-threatening pseudomembranous colitis.

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Clindamycin Administration

Take clindamycin with a full glass of water to help absorption and minimize GI upset.

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Vancomycin's Action

Vancomycin works by interfering with the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall. This stops the bacterial cell from growing and dividing, effectively killing it.

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Vancomycin's Use Cases

Vancomycin is a powerful antibiotic used to treat severe Gram-positive bacterial infections, including those resistant to other antibiotics and those causing C. difficile infections.

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Vancomycin: Red Man Syndrome

Rapid IV administration of vancomycin can cause Red Man Syndrome, characterized by flushing of the face, neck, arms, upper body, and back. This is not an allergic reaction, but rather a toxicity issue.

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Tetracyclines: Mechanism of Action

Tetracyclines, like doxycycline, prevent the synthesis of proteins needed for bacterial growth and reproduction, effectively stopping bacterial growth and potentially killing them.

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Tetracyclines: Contraindications

Tetracyclines cannot be used in pregnant women, children under 8, and should not be given during the first and last trimester of pregnancy. They also can damage teeth and bones.

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Aminoglycosides (Gentamicin): Mechanism of Action

Aminoglycosides like gentamycin block the synthesis of proteins essential for bacterial function, leading to bacterial cell death.

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Aminoglycosides: Monitoring

Aminoglycosides cause significant side effects, so close monitoring of peak and trough levels is crucial. Trough levels should be low to prevent toxicity, while peak levels should be adequate for therapeutic effect.

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Penicillins: Mechanism

Penicillins disrupt bacterial cell wall synthesis by blocking the enzyme needed for bacterial division and growth.

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Amoxicillin: Uses

Amoxicillin treats infections caused by gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria, including otitis media, tonsillitis, sinusitis, skin, respiratory, and urinary tract infections.

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Amoxicillin: Adverse Effects

Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and allergic reactions. Rare but severe side effects include superinfections, renal impairment, and colitis.

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Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins: Why?

These penicillins are effective against bacteria that produce penicillinase, an enzyme that breaks down penicillin.

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Amoxicillin: Drug Interaction

Amoxicillin's effectiveness can decrease when taken with acidic fruits and juices.

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Amoxicillin: Enhancement

Combining amoxicillin with a beta-lactamase inhibitor extends its effectiveness and intensifies its action.

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Erythromycin MOA

Erythromycin inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, preventing bacterial growth and potentially killing bacteria.

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What is Azithromycin used for?

Azithromycin is used to treat a variety of bacterial infections, including upper and lower respiratory infections, STIs, and skin infections.

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Clindamycin MOA

Clindamycin inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, preventing bacterial growth and potentially killing bacteria.

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Clindamycin Side Effects

Clindamycin can cause gastrointestinal distress, bone marrow suppression, and pseudomembranous colitis.

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Lincosamide MOA

Lincosamides, like clindamycin, inhibit bacterial protein synthesis, preventing bacteria from growing and multiplying.

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Vancomycin MOA

Vancomycin inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis, leading to cell lysis and bacterial death.

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Why is vancomycin used?

Vancomycin is used to treat serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, especially those resistant to other antibiotics.

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Theophylline: When to Monitor?

Theophylline levels should be closely monitored in patients over 60 years old, on steroids, and after transplants. Also, monitor levels during exacerbations of myasthenia gravis.

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Sulfonamides: Action

Sulfonamides inhibit bacterial synthesis of folic acid, an essential nutrient for bacterial growth.

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Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole: Why Combo?

The combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole creates a synergistic effect, meaning they work together to increase the response against bacteria.

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Nitroimidazoles: Mechanism

Nitroimidazoles disrupt DNA and protein synthesis in bacteria and protozoa.

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Metronidazole: When to Use?

Metronidazole treats intra-abdominal and respiratory infections, as well as infections caused by specific anaerobic bacteria and protozoa.

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Red Man Syndrome

Rapid IV administration of vancomycin can cause Red Man Syndrome, characterized by flushing of the face, neck, arms, upper body, and back. This is not an allergic reaction, but rather a toxicity issue.

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Tetracycline's Action

Tetracyclines, like doxycycline, work by preventing the synthesis of proteins needed for bacterial growth and reproduction, effectively stopping bacterial growth and potentially killing them.

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Aminoglycoside's Action

Aminoglycosides like Gentamicin block the synthesis of proteins essential for bacterial function, ultimately leading to bacterial cell death.

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Fluoroquinolone's Action

Fluoroquinolones, like Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin, interfere with the action of DNA enzymes necessary for bacteria to synthesize proteins and reproduce.

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Fluoroquinolone's Contraindications

Fluoroquinolones can have serious side effects like tendonitis and tendon rupture, especially in the elderly.

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Fluoroquinolone's Administration

Fluoroquinolones should be taken before meals and without antacids to ensure proper absorption.

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Nafcillin: What's it for?

Nafcillin is a penicillin antibiotic used to treat infections caused by gram-positive bacteria, especially those sensitive to penicillin. It works by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis.

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Ceftriaxone (3rd Gen Cephalosporin): How does it work?

Ceftriaxone is a cephalosporin antibiotic that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis, leading to bacterial cell lysis. It's effective against a broad range of bacteria, including gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria.

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Cefepime (4th Gen Cephalosporin): Main use?

Cefepime is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. It's a 4th generation cephalosporin and is used for serious infections, including those resistant to other antibiotics. It's given intravenously.

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Macrolides: What do they do?

Macrolides like erythromycin are antibiotics that bind to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing protein synthesis and bacterial growth.

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Erythromycin: How does it work?

Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. It is used to treat a variety of infections, including respiratory, skin, and sexually transmitted infections.

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Pseudomembranous colitis: What's the connection?

Pseudomembranous colitis, a serious intestinal infection, is a potential side effect of some antibiotics, especially Clindamycin. It's caused by an overgrowth of Clostridium difficile bacteria.

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Clindamycin: What's its strength?

Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that works by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. It's effective against various infections but not gram-negative bacteria.

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Vancomycin: Why is it used?

Vancomycin is a powerful antibiotic used for serious infections caused by gram-positive bacteria, especially those resistant to other antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis, leading to cell lysis.

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Red Man Syndrome: What is it?

Red Man Syndrome is a side effect of rapid IV administration of vancomycin. It's characterized by facial flushing, neck, arms, upper body, and back redness, and is caused by a rapid release of histamine. It's not an allergic reaction.

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Study Notes

Antibiotics, Antivirals, Antifungals

  • Penicillins (broad spectrum):

    • Mechanism: Beta-lactam ring interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis.
    • Indications: Otitis media, tonsillitis, sinusitis, respiratory and urinary tract infections (gram-positive and negative bacteria).
    • Adverse effects: Gastrointestinal (GI) upset (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), discoloration of teeth, hypersensitivity reactions (anaphylaxis).
    • Contraindications: Allergy to penicillins.
    • Misc: Penicillinase-resistant penicillins (e.g., nafcillin) treat penicillinase-producing S. aureus infections (endocarditis)
    • Additional notes: May decrease effectiveness of oral contraceptives if used concurrently.

  • Amoxicillin:

    • Mechanism of Action: Similar to other penicillins, inhibiting bacterial enzyme necessary for cell division and cellular synthesis.
    • Indication: Otitis media, tonsillitis, sinusitis, respiratory and urinary tract infections (gram-positive and negative bacteria).
    • Adverse effects: GI discomfort (nausea, diarrhea), allergic reactions.
    • Misc: No specific additional info beyond the general penicillin notes. Decreased efficacy with acidic fruits and juices.

  • Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins (e.g., Nafcillin):

    • Mechanism of Action: Similar to other penicillins, but resistant to bacterial enzymes that break down penicillins.
    • Indication: Used to treat bacterial infections caused by penicillin-resistant bacteria, such as S. aureus.
    • Adverse Effects: GI upset (abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), renal impairment, ulcerative colitis, pseudomembranous colitis, other general adverse effects.
    • Misc: Effective against penicillinase-producing S. aureus.

  • Cephalosporins:

    • Mechanism: Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis.
    • Indications: Otitis media, meningitis.
    • Adverse Effects: Gastrointestinal upset (GI distress), phlebitis & injection site reaction, hypersensitivity to penicillins.
    • Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to penicillins.

  • Macrolides (broad spectrum):

    • Mechanism: Bind to 50S ribosomal subunits to inhibit protein synthesis.
    • Indications: Respiratory infections, C. difficile diarrhea.
    • Adverse Effects: Gastrointestinal distress (diarrhea), including C. difficile infections, and interactions with other drugs.

  • Erythromycin, Azithromycin:

    • Mechanism of action - broad spectrum to inhibit protein synthesis and bacteriostatic / bacteriocidal at low dose
    • Indication- respiratory infections (including pneumonia), C. difficile infections.
    • Adverse effects - C. difficile infections, may interact with other meds, and GI Distress.

  • Tetracyclines (e.g., Doxycycline):

    • Mechanism: Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.
    • Indications: Respiratory, urinary tract, and skin infections. More specific indications are present for certain types.
    • Adverse effects: Teeth staining, bone damage, skin reactions, liver function abnormalities, including GI distress and hepatotoxicity.
    • Interactions: Avoid use with milk and calcium-containing products as they impair absorption.

  • Aminoglycosides (Gentamicin):

    • Mechanism: Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis.
    • Indications: Serious bacterial infections.
    • Adverse effects: Nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity (potential damage to hearing nerves) Important Note: Monitor peak and trough levels for appropriate dosage.

  • Fluoroquinolones (e.g., Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin):

    • Mechanism: Interferes with DNA synthesis.
    • Indications: Urinary tract infections.
    • Adverse effects: CNS effects (headache, dizziness), GI distress, Bone marrow depression.
    • Misc: Reserved for patients for those without comparable treatment options. Caution with interactions with other drugs.

  • Sulfonamides (e.g., Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole):

    • Mechanism: Inhibition of bacterial synthesis of folic acid.
    • Indications: Urinary tract, respiratory, and ear infections, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.
    • Adverse Effects: CNS effects (headache, dizziness), GI distress, hepatotoxicity.
    • Misc: Combination drug; helps with bacterial resistance. May also cause hypoglycemia with some types of oral antidiabetes drugs.

  • Nitroimidazoles (e.g., Metronidazole):

    • Mechanism: Disrupts DNA and protein synthesis in bacteria & protozoa.
    • Indications: Intra-abdominal and respiratory infections, and H. pylori.
    • Adverse effects: CNS effects (headache, dizziness), GI distress.
    • Misc: Crystalluria; take with full glass and sufficient fluids to prevent issues.

  • Antitubercular (e.g., Isoniazid):

    • Mechanism: Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis, interfering with lipid and DNA synthesis.
    • Indication: Tuberculosis
    • Adverse Effects: Peripheral neuropathy, hepatotoxicity, ocular toxicity.
    • Misc: Administer on empty stomach.

  • Antimycobacterial (e.g., Rifampin):

    • Mechanism: Inhibits bacterial synthesis, interfering with lipid and DNA synthesis.
    • Indications: Tuberculosis
    • Adverse Effects: Hepatotoxicity, body fluid may change color to orange, soft contact lenses may be permanently discolored.
    • Misc: Administer on empty stomach.

  • Antifungals (e.g., Fluconazole):

    • Mechanism: Inhibits the fungal cell membrane synthesis.
    • Indications: Cryptococcal meningitis, some respiratory tract infections.
    • Adverse Effects: Headache, Rash, and may interact with other drugs.

  • Antivirals for Influenza (e.g., Oseltamivir):

    • Mechanism: Decreases the release of the virus from infected cells.
    • Indications: Influenza (flu).
    • Adverse Effects: CNS effects, including headache, dizziness, nausea and/or vomiting.
    • Misc: Should be taken within 48 hours of flu symptoms.

  • Herpes Antivirals (e.g., Acyclovir, Valacyclovir):

    • Mechanism: Inhibit viral DNA synthesis. Prevents multiplication in the body.
    • Indications: Herpes simplex viruses (HSV), chicken pox (varicella).
    • Adverse Effects: GI distress, headache, kidney dysfunction.
    • Misc: Monitor Kidney Function for safety; can be given IV as well as orally.

  • Antivirals for HIV (Nucleoside e.g. Zidovudine):

    • Mechanism: Inhibits viral enzyme reverse transcriptase and inhibits viral replication.
    • Indications: HIV infection.
    • Adverse Effects: Peripheral neuropathy, myopathy, pancreatitits, and others.

  • General Notes:

    • Liver function tests (LFTs): Monitor for drugs that affect liver function.
    • Kidney function tests: Monitor for drugs that affect kidney function.
    • Drug interactions: Check for interactions before prescribing the drugs.
    • Adverse effects: Review all known adverse effects, precautions and potential interactions.

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Description

This quiz covers the essential aspects of antibiotics, including the mechanisms, indications, and contraindications of penicillins and amoxicillin. Test your knowledge on the treatment of bacterial infections and understand the adverse effects and precautions involved. Perfect for those studying pharmacology or related healthcare fields.

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