Antibiotics Overview
66 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism through which penicillins exert their antibacterial effect?

  • Inhibition of protein synthesis
  • Inhibition of bacterial wall cell synthesis (correct)
  • Disruption of bacterial membrane integrity
  • Interference with nucleic acid synthesis

    • Which of the following adverse effects is commonly associated with the use of amoxicillin?

  • Respiratory failure
  • Neuropathic pain
  • Skin rashes (correct)
  • Hepatic failure

    • Which condition is a contraindication for administering penicillins?

  • Hypertension
  • Allergy to cephalosporins (correct)
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Chronic asthma

    • How do beta-lactamase enzyme inhibitors affect the efficacy of penicillins?

    <p>They enhance the effects of penicillins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential interaction may occur with oral contraceptives when using penicillins?

    <p>Decreased effectiveness of contraceptives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary action of Nafcillin in treating bacterial infections?

    <p>Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a caution associated with Cephalosporins?

    <p>Hypersensitivity to penicillins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infections is Azithromycin primarily used to treat?

    <p>Respiratory tract infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infections are Cefepime and Ceftriaxone commonly used to treat?

    <p>Gram-negative bacterial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which potential side effect is associated with the use of Cefepime?

    <p>Headaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential gastrointestinal symptoms associated with Erythromycin?

    <p>Watery diarrhea and abdominal cramping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Lincosamides?

    <p>Effective against gram-negative bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the macrolide class of antibiotics have on bacterial cells?

    <p>Inhibits protein synthesis by binding to ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which type of infection is Clindamycin indicated?

    <p>Skin and gynecologic infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential side effect of administering Azithromycin intravenously?

    <p>Phlebitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the administration of Erythromycin involve to avoid phlebitis?

    <p>Diluting with saline or dextrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial type is Clindamycin effective against?

    <p>Gram-positive cocci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Glycopeptides in treating infections?

    <p>Inhibiting cell wall synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential serious adverse effect of vancomycin that requires monitoring?

    <p>Hearing loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions indicates a contraindication for the use of tetracyclines?

    <p>Pregnancy during the first trimester</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effect is commonly associated with the use of aminoglycosides like gentamicin?

    <p>Ototoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of fluoroquinolones?

    <p>Interfere with DNA synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario are fluoroquinolones typically indicated?

    <p>Urinary tract infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can enhance the absorption of tetracyclines when taken with food?

    <p>None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can potentially increase the risk of nephrotoxicity when using aminoglycosides?

    <p>Diuretics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism through which amoxicillin exerts its antibacterial action?

    <p>Interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adverse effect is NOT typically associated with amoxicillin use?

    <p>Renal impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacteria do penicillins primarily target?

    <p>Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential consequence of combining penicillins with beta-lactamase enzyme inhibitors?

    <p>Extended and more intense antibacterial effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is indicated as a contraindication for the use of penicillins?

    <p>Previous allergy to cephalosporins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant caution to consider when prescribing penicillins?

    <p>Hypersensitivity reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do acidic fruits and juices impact the effectiveness of penicillins?

    <p>They decrease the drug's absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect associated with Cephalosporins?

    <p>Gastrointestinal distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial infections can Nafcillin effectively treat?

    <p>Skin and respiratory infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential complication may arise from administering Cefepime?

    <p>Pseudomembranous colitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Ceftriaxone primarily exert its antibacterial effect?

    <p>Inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infections is Macrolides, such as Erythromycin, commonly prescribed for?

    <p>Bacterial respiratory infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following precautions is necessary when using Ceftriaxone?

    <p>Watch for hypersensitivity to lactams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential reaction when using antibiotics like Cefepime with anticoagulants?

    <p>Increased risk of bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do Macrolide antibiotics have on bacterial cells?

    <p>Inhibit protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenarios would Cephalosporins be prescribed with caution?

    <p>In individuals with a known penicillin allergy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary adverse effect associated with vancomycin administration?

    <p>Ototoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is contraindicated when using tetracyclines?

    <p>Pregnancy during the first trimester</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For what reason should the peak levels of aminoglycosides be monitored?

    <p>Assess nephrotoxicity risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action for fluoroquinolones?

    <p>Interference with bacterial DNA enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of using aminoglycosides?

    <p>Ototoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which circumstances would fluoroquinolones typically be reserved for use?

    <p>Patients who have no alternative treatment options</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following adverse effects is associated with the use of tetracyclines?

    <p>Teeth staining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended method of administering vancomycin to minimize the risk of toxicity?

    <p>Dilute and administer over 60-90 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which interaction is important to consider when prescribing tetracyclines?

    <p>Antacids and iron-containing drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable effect of red man syndrome linked to vancomycin?

    <p>Rash and blushing of the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of Sulfonamides in bacterial infections?

    <p>Inhibit bacterial synthesis of folic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adverse effect is associated with the use of Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole?

    <p>Rash and photosensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important precaution to take when administering Nitroimidazoles?

    <p>Ensure adequate hydration to prevent crystalluria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do Sulfonamides have when used in combination with Trimethoprim?

    <p>Synergistic effect to increase efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition should be monitored when using Theophylline in patients with myasthenia gravis?

    <p>Exacerbation of respiratory symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the action of the macrolide antibiotic Azithromycin at low doses?

    <p>It inhibits protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is not associated with the use of Erythromycin?

    <p>Skin rash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major adverse effect can occur if Clindamycin is administered?

    <p>Pseudomembranous colitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which type of infections is Clindamycin specifically indicated?

    <p>Gynecologic infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacterial infection is primarily treated using Azithromycin?

    <p>STIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done when administering intravenous Erythromycin?

    <p>Dilute with saline or dextrose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the action of Lincosamides?

    <p>They inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be considered when giving theophylline alongside other medications?

    <p>It can enhance anticoagulant effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of Clindamycin makes it effective against MRSA?

    <p>It penetrates well into tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a precaution when using azithromycin?

    <p>It can cause hepatotoxicity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Antibiotics, Antivirals, Antifungals

    • Penicillins (broad spectrum):

      • Mechanism: Beta-lactam ring interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis.
      • Indications: Otitis media, tonsillitis, sinusitis, respiratory and urinary tract infections (gram-positive and negative bacteria).
      • Adverse effects: Gastrointestinal (GI) upset (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), discoloration of teeth, hypersensitivity reactions (anaphylaxis).
      • Contraindications: Allergy to penicillins.
      • Misc: Penicillinase-resistant penicillins (e.g., nafcillin) treat penicillinase-producing S. aureus infections (endocarditis)
      • Additional notes: May decrease effectiveness of oral contraceptives if used concurrently.

    • Amoxicillin:

      • Mechanism of Action: Similar to other penicillins, inhibiting bacterial enzyme necessary for cell division and cellular synthesis.
      • Indication: Otitis media, tonsillitis, sinusitis, respiratory and urinary tract infections (gram-positive and negative bacteria).
      • Adverse effects: GI discomfort (nausea, diarrhea), allergic reactions.
      • Misc: No specific additional info beyond the general penicillin notes. Decreased efficacy with acidic fruits and juices.

    • Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins (e.g., Nafcillin):

      • Mechanism of Action: Similar to other penicillins, but resistant to bacterial enzymes that break down penicillins.
      • Indication: Used to treat bacterial infections caused by penicillin-resistant bacteria, such as S. aureus.
      • Adverse Effects: GI upset (abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), renal impairment, ulcerative colitis, pseudomembranous colitis, other general adverse effects.
      • Misc: Effective against penicillinase-producing S. aureus.

    • Cephalosporins:

      • Mechanism: Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis.
      • Indications: Otitis media, meningitis.
      • Adverse Effects: Gastrointestinal upset (GI distress), phlebitis & injection site reaction, hypersensitivity to penicillins.
      • Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to penicillins.

    • Macrolides (broad spectrum):

      • Mechanism: Bind to 50S ribosomal subunits to inhibit protein synthesis.
      • Indications: Respiratory infections, C. difficile diarrhea.
      • Adverse Effects: Gastrointestinal distress (diarrhea), including C. difficile infections, and interactions with other drugs.

    • Erythromycin, Azithromycin:

      • Mechanism of action - broad spectrum to inhibit protein synthesis and bacteriostatic / bacteriocidal at low dose
      • Indication- respiratory infections (including pneumonia), C. difficile infections.
      • Adverse effects - C. difficile infections, may interact with other meds, and GI Distress.

    • Tetracyclines (e.g., Doxycycline):

      • Mechanism: Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.
      • Indications: Respiratory, urinary tract, and skin infections. More specific indications are present for certain types.
      • Adverse effects: Teeth staining, bone damage, skin reactions, liver function abnormalities, including GI distress and hepatotoxicity.
      • Interactions: Avoid use with milk and calcium-containing products as they impair absorption.

    • Aminoglycosides (Gentamicin):

      • Mechanism: Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis.
      • Indications: Serious bacterial infections.
      • Adverse effects: Nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity (potential damage to hearing nerves) Important Note: Monitor peak and trough levels for appropriate dosage.

    • Fluoroquinolones (e.g., Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin):

      • Mechanism: Interferes with DNA synthesis.
      • Indications: Urinary tract infections.
      • Adverse effects: CNS effects (headache, dizziness), GI distress, Bone marrow depression.
      • Misc: Reserved for patients for those without comparable treatment options. Caution with interactions with other drugs.

    • Sulfonamides (e.g., Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole):

      • Mechanism: Inhibition of bacterial synthesis of folic acid.
      • Indications: Urinary tract, respiratory, and ear infections, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.
      • Adverse Effects: CNS effects (headache, dizziness), GI distress, hepatotoxicity.
      • Misc: Combination drug; helps with bacterial resistance. May also cause hypoglycemia with some types of oral antidiabetes drugs.

    • Nitroimidazoles (e.g., Metronidazole):

      • Mechanism: Disrupts DNA and protein synthesis in bacteria & protozoa.
      • Indications: Intra-abdominal and respiratory infections, and H. pylori.
      • Adverse effects: CNS effects (headache, dizziness), GI distress.
      • Misc: Crystalluria; take with full glass and sufficient fluids to prevent issues.

    • Antitubercular (e.g., Isoniazid):

      • Mechanism: Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis, interfering with lipid and DNA synthesis.
      • Indication: Tuberculosis
      • Adverse Effects: Peripheral neuropathy, hepatotoxicity, ocular toxicity.
      • Misc: Administer on empty stomach.

    • Antimycobacterial (e.g., Rifampin):

      • Mechanism: Inhibits bacterial synthesis, interfering with lipid and DNA synthesis.
      • Indications: Tuberculosis
      • Adverse Effects: Hepatotoxicity, body fluid may change color to orange, soft contact lenses may be permanently discolored.
      • Misc: Administer on empty stomach.

    • Antifungals (e.g., Fluconazole):

      • Mechanism: Inhibits the fungal cell membrane synthesis.
      • Indications: Cryptococcal meningitis, some respiratory tract infections.
      • Adverse Effects: Headache, Rash, and may interact with other drugs.

    • Antivirals for Influenza (e.g., Oseltamivir):

      • Mechanism: Decreases the release of the virus from infected cells.
      • Indications: Influenza (flu).
      • Adverse Effects: CNS effects, including headache, dizziness, nausea and/or vomiting.
      • Misc: Should be taken within 48 hours of flu symptoms.

    • Herpes Antivirals (e.g., Acyclovir, Valacyclovir):

      • Mechanism: Inhibit viral DNA synthesis. Prevents multiplication in the body.
      • Indications: Herpes simplex viruses (HSV), chicken pox (varicella).
      • Adverse Effects: GI distress, headache, kidney dysfunction.
      • Misc: Monitor Kidney Function for safety; can be given IV as well as orally.

    • Antivirals for HIV (Nucleoside e.g. Zidovudine):

      • Mechanism: Inhibits viral enzyme reverse transcriptase and inhibits viral replication.
      • Indications: HIV infection.
      • Adverse Effects: Peripheral neuropathy, myopathy, pancreatitits, and others.

    • General Notes:

      • Liver function tests (LFTs): Monitor for drugs that affect liver function.
      • Kidney function tests: Monitor for drugs that affect kidney function.
      • Drug interactions: Check for interactions before prescribing the drugs.
      • Adverse effects: Review all known adverse effects, precautions and potential interactions.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Antiinfective Drugs KEY PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the essential aspects of antibiotics, including the mechanisms, indications, and contraindications of penicillins and amoxicillin. Test your knowledge on the treatment of bacterial infections and understand the adverse effects and precautions involved. Perfect for those studying pharmacology or related healthcare fields.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser