Pharmacology of Antibiotics and Tuberculosis

<p>They hydrolyze the β-lactam ring of the antibiotic. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Augmentin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Penicillin V (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are structurally and functionally closely related. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Photosensitivity reaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To delay or prevent the emergence of resistant strains (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They retain their stain even in the presence of destaining agents. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isoniazid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enzyme responsible for assembling mycolic acids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence of an outer coat of mycolic acid. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Up to 2 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Photosensitivity reaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isoniazid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin B6 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nausea and vomiting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hansen's disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mycobacterium leprae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blurred vision (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dapsone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dermatitis herpetiformis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smaller tumors have fewer resting cells that are insensitive to chemotherapy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Suppression of white blood cells, platelets, and red blood cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immediately stop the infusion and remove the needle. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extravasation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hair loss is generally reversible and patients should be warned about it before therapy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure the patient has an adequate amount of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most cytotoxic drugs are teratogenic and can cause fetal abnormalities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immunity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypersensitivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flushing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacterial susceptibility patterns (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pseudomembranous colitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Red man syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacitracin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacitracin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Affect on bacterial ribosomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>mycin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neomycin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteinuria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peripheral paresthesia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erythromycin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is most often permanent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neomycin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diarrhea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A group of antibiotics that inhibit the synthesis of bacterial cell walls and are considered bactericidal. They are effective against a wide range of bacteria.

A type of beta-lactam antibiotic with four main groups: natural penicillins, penicillinase-resistant penicillins, aminopenicillins, and extended-spectrum penicillins.

A natural penicillin susceptible to inactivation by β-lactamases enzymes, which hydrolyzes the β-lactam ring.

A penicillin more acid stable than penicillin G, often used for oral infections.

A broad-spectrum penicillin used for various infections, including sinusitis, otitis media, UTIs, and meningitis.

A beta-lactam antibiotic class closely related in structure and function to penicillin.

Combinations of a beta-lactam antibiotic with a lactamase inhibitor, to overcome bacterial resistance.

A combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, used to treat a variety of bacterial infections.

These are the most recent cephalosporins and are characterized by their broad-spectrum activity and resistance to most β-lactamases.

These cephalosporins have an intermediate spectrum of activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

These cephalosporins are effective against gram-positive bacteria, such as staphylococci and streptococci.

A life-threatening skin reaction involving fever, blistering, and peeling of skin. It can develop as a severe allergic reaction to certain medications like cephalosporins.

A drug causing an allergic reaction in a patient who is allergic to penicillin. This is due to the structural similarity between cephalosporins and penicillin.

A severe, potentially life-threatening adverse reaction caused by rapid IV infusion of vancomycin. It manifests as flushing, redness, and low blood pressure.

A type of antibiotic that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to the bacterial ribosome, effectively preventing protein synthesis.

Group of antibiotics known for their broad-spectrum activity against various bacteria. They work by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis.

Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics that effectively target gram-negative bacteria. They are typically used for serious infections like endocarditis and brucellosis.

Drugs derived from Streptomyces end in 'mycin', while those from Micromonospora end in 'micin'.

Aminoglycosides are poorly absorbed orally, making them ideal for targeting gut bacteria.

Kanamycin and neomycin are used as oral pre-operative agents to decrease intestinal bacteria before surgery (bowel prep).

Oral aminoglycosides can help manage hepatic coma by reducing ammonia-forming bacteria in the intestines.

Aminoglycosides can cause kidney damage (nephrotoxicity) and damage to the inner ear (ototoxicity).

Signs of nephrotoxicity include protein in the urine, blood in the urine, elevated blood urea nitrogen, decreased urine output, and increased serum creatinine.

Signs of ototoxicity include ringing in the ears, dizziness, balance issues, and hearing loss (often permanent).

The maximum dose of a cytotoxic drug that a patient can tolerate without severe side effects.

The leakage of cytotoxic drugs into surrounding tissues, causing damage and necrosis.

The decrease in the production of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets due to cytotoxic drugs.

The build-up of uric acid crystals in the body, often caused by chemotherapy.

The ability of the body to identify and resist harmful microorganisms through specialized defense mechanisms.

The study of the specific mechanisms by which the body defends itself against foreign biological materials.

The ability of the immune system to eliminate or neutralize foreign invaders.

The ability of the body to fight off infections and prevent tissue damage.

A type of adverse reaction to fluoroquinolone antibiotics, especially lomefloxacin and sparfloxacin, where the skin becomes unusually sensitive to sunlight, leading to exaggerated sunburn.

A major global health problem caused by the mycobacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, affecting over 8 million people annually.

The outer layer of the mycobacterium, composed of mycolic acid, responsible for their acid-fast staining properties. It's a waxy, hydrophobic layer that makes the bacteria difficult to stain and resistant to disinfectants.

Because of the slow growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, treatment for tuberculosis can be long-term, up to 2 years, especially when resistant strains are involved.

Treating tuberculosis with multiple drugs simultaneously to prevent the emergence of resistant strains.

First-line drugs for tuberculosis treatment, like Isoniazid, Rifampin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol, and Streptomycin. These drugs are effective and have acceptable levels of toxicity.

A drug used to treat tuberculosis that targets the enzyme responsible for assembling mycolic acid into the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It's bactericidal, meaning it kills the bacteria.

The emergence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains resistant to multiple drugs due to factors like poor patient compliance, leading to an urgent need for alternative second-line drugs.

A drug given as prophylaxis to individuals in close contact with a tuberculosis patient, especially children. It helps prevent the development of active TB. It is not used to treat active TB.

This drug is frequently used to treat tuberculosis, but not as a single agent. It has a broader spectrum of activity than isoniazid, meaning it targets a wider range of bacteria.

A chronic, contagious disease spread through prolonged, close contact with an infected person. It affects the peripheral nerves and skin, causing lesions.

A drug used to treat leprosy. It is primarily bactericidal against Mycobacterium leprae. It is used cautiously in pregnant and breastfeeding women, and can sometimes cause skin pigmentation.

Another drug used to treat leprosy. It is bactericidal and bacteriostatic against M. leprae. It is also used to treat certain skin conditions.

A side effect of isoniazid that can occur, causing numbness and tingling in the extremities. This is caused by vitamin B6 deficiency.

A side effect of clofazimine that causes darkening of the skin, especially in patients with darker skin tones. It is often temporary and resolves after discontinuation of the drug.

A serious side effect of dapsone that can occur. It involves the breakdown of red blood cells and can lead to anemia. It is often seen in patients with pre-existing conditions that affect red blood cell production.