Antibiotics Mechanism of Action Quiz

A condition where the atria of the heart beat irregularly and rapidly, often due to random re-entry of electrical impulses.

A heart sound or murmur caused by turbulent blood flow across heart valves during the contraction of the heart (systole).

A heart sound or murmur caused by turbulent blood flow across heart valves during the relaxation of the heart (diastole).

A medication used for cardioversion of atrial fibrillation (A-fib) in horses.

The ability of the heart to pump blood throughout the body, measured by the amount of blood ejected from the heart per minute.

A process where a faulty electrical impulse takes a longer pathway through the heart and re-enters the heart muscle before it has fully repolarized, leading to irregular rhythm.

A procedure to restore a normal heart rhythm by delivering a controlled electrical shock to the heart, often used for atrial fibrillation.

A skin condition that affects the pastern of horses, characterized by inflammation, scaling, and hair loss. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, environment, and infections.

Factors that contribute to the development and worsening of Equine Pastern Dermatitis. These might include secondary infections, environmental factors, and skin changes.

A severe condition affecting draft horses where lymphatic vessels and connective tissue are abnormally formed, leading to excessive swelling and skin changes in the legs.

A condition caused by an abnormal reaction to sunlight, leading to skin damage and inflammation.

A type of photosensitivity where the skin reacts to sunlight in a dose-dependent manner, like a sunburn.

The type of ultraviolet radiation that is most commonly associated with photosensitivities.

One of the three basic features of photosensitivities and refers to a substance that can absorb light and cause damage to the skin.

The mild form of Equine Pastern Dermatitis, characterized by hair loss, scaling, and crusting, affecting large areas of the pastern.

The most severe form of Equine Pastern Dermatitis, characterized by thick, raised nodules, deep fissures, and painful lameness.

A condition in horses where the pituitary gland (specifically the pars intermedia) produces excess ACTH, leading to a range of clinical signs including hirsutism, weight loss, laminitis, and hyperadrenocorticism.

The main cause of PPID in horses is a loss of dopaminergic inhibition of the pars intermedia in the pituitary gland.

In a normal horse, dopamine from the hypothalamus inhibits cells in the pituitary pars intermedia, limiting the release of ACTH into the bloodstream.

Hypothalamic dopaminergic neurons undergo oxidative stress leading to a loss of inhibition of the pars intermedia. This results in hyperplasia of the pars intermedia and an increased release of ACTH.

Pro-opiomelanocortin, which can be cleaved into ACTH, beta-endorphin, alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH), and corticotropin-like intermediate peptide (CLIP).

Prohormone convertase 2 (PC2) is responsible for cleaving most ACTH in the normal pars intermedia.

PPID is most common in older horses of any breed and also affects donkeys.

Common clinical signs of PPID in horses include: abnormal hair coat/shedding, muscle wasting/weight loss, increased water consumption and urination, chronic laminitis, excessive sweating, immunosuppression, behavioral changes, infertility, blindness, adiposity, and insulin resistance.

Recommended tests for diagnosing PPID include baseline ACTH concentration, TRH stimulation test, dexamethasone suppression test, and MRI.

Collect blood into an EDTA purple top tube, keep it cool, centrifuge, and freeze the plasma (avoid freeze-thaw cycles).

Surgical removal of tissue for microscopic examination to diagnose a disease or condition.

A chronic inflammatory disease that affects the skin of horses, characterized by raised, granulomatous lesions.

A method of destroying tissue using extremely cold temperatures.

A type of chemotherapy drug used to treat sarcoids in horses, administered as injections or beads.

A type of chemotherapy drug used to treat sarcoids, applied topically to the affected area.

A type of antibiotic that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis.

A group of antibiotics that work by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis.

The minimum concentration of a drug required to inhibit the growth of a particular bacteria.

Antibiotics whose effectiveness is related to the time they remain above the MIC.

Antibiotics whose effectiveness is related to the peak concentration of drug in the blood.

A class of antibiotics that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins. They are divided into generations, with higher generations showing greater resistance to beta-lactamases.

A carbapenem antibiotic that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins. It is known for a broad spectrum of activity against many bacteria.

A group of antibiotics that work by inhibiting the synthesis of folic acid, a vital nutrient for bacterial survival. This happens through two mechanisms: trimethoprim inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, while sulfadiazine is mistaken for PABA, a precursor for folic acid synthesis.

A class of antibiotics that inhibit the activity of DNA gyrase, an enzyme crucial for DNA replication and coiling in bacteria. This prevents the bacterial DNA from coiling properly, disrupting their ability to divide and survive.

A group of antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This disrupts the bacterial translation process, stopping the production of essential proteins for their survival.