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Questions and Answers
When should antibiotics not be prescribed?
What is a crucial factor in determining the need for antibiotic referral?
Which of the following is a resistant organism?
What is the primary goal of antimicrobial stewardship?
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What is a strategy recommended by NICE to limit antibiotic use?
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What is an important consideration when selecting an antibiotic?
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Which of the following is not a resistant organism?
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Why is it important to consider the patient's immune system when prescribing antibiotics?
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What is the purpose of guidelines in antibiotic use?
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What is a sign of active infection?
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Study Notes
Inappropriate Antibiotic Prescribing Situations
- Bacterial colonisation without symptoms
- Viral infections
Antibiotic Mechanism of Action
- Exploits differences in bacterial structure
- Targets bacterial cell walls, metabolic pathways, ribosomes, and DNA synthesis
Antibiotic Resistance
- Develops through transmission of resistance genes between bacteria (conjugation, transposons, and integrons)
- Mechanisms of resistance include enzyme inactivation (e.g., beta-lactamase)
Factors to Consider when Deciding on Antibiotic Duration
- Balancing patient acceptability and compliance with eradication of the infection
Spectrum of Action of Beta-Lactam Antibiotics
- Includes penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams
Preventing Spread of Infection
- Key measures to prevent spread of infection
Role of Radiology in Diagnosing Infection
- Explains the role of radiology in diagnosing infection
Antibiotic Mechanism of Action Groups
- Cell wall synthesis inhibitors
- Cell membrane synthesis inhibitors
- Protein synthesis inhibitors
- DNA synthesis inhibitors
- Folate synthesis inhibitors
Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors
- Beta lactam antibiotics (penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams)
- Non-beta lactam antibiotics (glycopeptides, e.g., vancomycin and teicoplanin)
Situations Warranting Antibiotic Referral
- Systemically unwell patients
- Patients meeting specific criteria (e.g., Centor and sore throat)
- Immunocompromised patients
- Patients with signs of active infections (e.g., fever, chills, muscle aches, coughing)
Antimicrobial Stewardship
- Importance of limiting antibiotic use to avoid resistance
- NICE-recommended strategies for antimicrobial stewardship
Types of Resistant Organisms
- Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus
- Vancomycin resistant enterococcus
- Multi drug resistant TB
- Carbapenem resistant enterobacteria (e.g., E. coli, Klebsiella)
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Description
Learn about the principles of antibiotic mechanisms and when it's inappropriate to prescribe them. Understand the external influences that affect antimicrobial prescribing.
