Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which aminoglycoside is noted for being more active against Pseudomonas than others?
Which aminoglycoside is noted for being more active against Pseudomonas than others?
Which of the following aminoglycosides is primarily used for bowel surgery preparation?
Which of the following aminoglycosides is primarily used for bowel surgery preparation?
What is a common toxicity associated with aminoglycosides?
What is a common toxicity associated with aminoglycosides?
Which antibiotic among the tetracyclines is specifically known to have a broad spectrum?
Which antibiotic among the tetracyclines is specifically known to have a broad spectrum?
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Which bacteria is tetracyclines NOT effective against?
Which bacteria is tetracyclines NOT effective against?
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Which of the following is NOT a use of aminoglycosides?
Which of the following is NOT a use of aminoglycosides?
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Which tetracycline is mentioned as effective against atypical bacteria?
Which tetracycline is mentioned as effective against atypical bacteria?
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What form of administration is Neomycin typically given for bowel surgery preparation?
What form of administration is Neomycin typically given for bowel surgery preparation?
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Which of the following statements about meropenem is true?
Which of the following statements about meropenem is true?
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What is the role of cilastatin when administered with imipenem?
What is the role of cilastatin when administered with imipenem?
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Which antibiotic is NOT effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Which antibiotic is NOT effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
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Aztreonam is characterized by which of the following?
Aztreonam is characterized by which of the following?
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Which statement accurately describes the mechanism of action of monobactams?
Which statement accurately describes the mechanism of action of monobactams?
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Which statement correctly describes the absorption of doxycycline?
Which statement correctly describes the absorption of doxycycline?
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What is a major mechanism of action of tetracyclines?
What is a major mechanism of action of tetracyclines?
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What describes the spectrum of activity of vancomycin?
What describes the spectrum of activity of vancomycin?
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Which of the following is an advantage of using meropenem over imipenem?
Which of the following is an advantage of using meropenem over imipenem?
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Which side effect is specifically associated with the use of tetracyclines?
Which side effect is specifically associated with the use of tetracyclines?
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What type of bacteria does aztreonam primarily target?
What type of bacteria does aztreonam primarily target?
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Under which condition should tetracyclines not be administered?
Under which condition should tetracyclines not be administered?
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How does tigecycline differ from traditional tetracyclines?
How does tigecycline differ from traditional tetracyclines?
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What is the primary route of excretion for doxycycline?
What is the primary route of excretion for doxycycline?
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What is one of the major safety concerns when using doxycycline?
What is one of the major safety concerns when using doxycycline?
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What age group should generally avoid taking tetracyclines?
What age group should generally avoid taking tetracyclines?
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What is the primary mechanism of action for teicoplanin?
What is the primary mechanism of action for teicoplanin?
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Which of the following bacteria is primarily resistant to teicoplanin?
Which of the following bacteria is primarily resistant to teicoplanin?
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Which adverse effect of teicoplanin is related to intracranial pressure?
Which adverse effect of teicoplanin is related to intracranial pressure?
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What is the significant difference between teicoplanin and vancomycin regarding administration?
What is the significant difference between teicoplanin and vancomycin regarding administration?
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Why is bacitracin not used systemically?
Why is bacitracin not used systemically?
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Which of the following describes fosfomycin?
Which of the following describes fosfomycin?
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Which of the following statements is true about teicoplanin?
Which of the following statements is true about teicoplanin?
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What makes some Enterococci resistant to vancomycin susceptible to teicoplanin?
What makes some Enterococci resistant to vancomycin susceptible to teicoplanin?
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What is a major adverse effect associated with chloramphenicol use?
What is a major adverse effect associated with chloramphenicol use?
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Which of the following antibiotics can enter human cells and target intracellular bacteria?
Which of the following antibiotics can enter human cells and target intracellular bacteria?
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What mechanism do new tetracyclines like Eravacycline and Omadacycline primarily target?
What mechanism do new tetracyclines like Eravacycline and Omadacycline primarily target?
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Which of the following expresses a broad-spectrum bacteriostatic activity including atypical bacteria?
Which of the following expresses a broad-spectrum bacteriostatic activity including atypical bacteria?
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What action does chloramphenicol perform at the molecular level?
What action does chloramphenicol perform at the molecular level?
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What type of bacteria do new tetracyclines primarily aim to overcome resistance against?
What type of bacteria do new tetracyclines primarily aim to overcome resistance against?
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Which antibiotic is commonly used for treating bacterial conjunctivitis?
Which antibiotic is commonly used for treating bacterial conjunctivitis?
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Why is chloramphenicol not commonly used in the USA and many other countries?
Why is chloramphenicol not commonly used in the USA and many other countries?
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What condition is associated with Gray baby syndrome?
What condition is associated with Gray baby syndrome?
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Which of the following bacteria are macrolides NOT effective against?
Which of the following bacteria are macrolides NOT effective against?
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What is the primary mechanism of action for macrolides?
What is the primary mechanism of action for macrolides?
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Which macrolide is known for entering gingival crevicular fluid to treat periodontitis?
Which macrolide is known for entering gingival crevicular fluid to treat periodontitis?
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In which situation are macrolides considered the drug of choice?
In which situation are macrolides considered the drug of choice?
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What is a common side effect of chloramphenicol when used systemically?
What is a common side effect of chloramphenicol when used systemically?
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How do macrolides primarily get eliminated from the body?
How do macrolides primarily get eliminated from the body?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding azithromycin?
Which of the following statements is true regarding azithromycin?
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Study Notes
General Microbiology and Immunology
- Lecture 2, Dr. Mahmoud
- Cephalosporins are produced by Cephalosporium sp.
- Variations are made on the acyl side chain at the 7-position to alter antibacterial activity; also at the 3-position to alter the pharmacokinetic profile.
- Cephalosporins are classified into generations (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th).
- They are inactive against Enterococci, MRSA (except 5th generation), Legionella sp., Mycoplasma sp., Chlamydia sp.
- Different generations have diverse Gram-negative and Gram-positive activities, and varying B-lactamase stabilities
First Generation - B-Lactamase Sensitive
- Cefazolin (i.v., Zinol): Naturally occurring; Active against Gram-positive bacteria
- Cephalexin (oral, Keflex): Active against Gram-positive bacteria
- Cephadroxil (oral, Durecif, Curisafe): Active against Gram-positive bacteria
- Cephalothin (i.v.): Active against Gram-positive bacteria
Second Generation - B-Lactamase Sensitive
- Cefaclor (oral): Some activity against Gram-negative bacteria
- Cefamandole (i.v., i.m): Active against Gram-negative bacteria
- Cefoxitin (i.v.): Active on anaerobic bacteria
- Cefotetan (i.v.): Active on anaerobic bacteria
- Cefuroxime (oral, Zinnat): Active on anaerobic bacteria
Third Generation - Mostly B-Lactamase Resistant
- Cefotaxime (Claforan): Active against Gram-negative bacteria; Some activity on Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Penetrates the CNS; Preferred in neonates
- Ceftriaxone (Rocephin): Long half-life (every 24 hours); Not advised in neonates; Used in meningitis with Vancomycin
Fourth Generation - Mostly B-Lactamase Resistant
- Cefepime: Broadest spectrum, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria; P. aeruginosa; Used for MDR bacteria and mixed infections
- Cefpirome: Broadest spectrum, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria; Includes P. aeruginosa. Used for infections.
Fifth Generation Cephalosporins
- Have no activity towards Enterococci and methicillin-resistant staphylococci
- Ceftobiprole and ceftaroline show notable activity against MRSA and Enterococci, and some other bacteria.
- Not effective against P. aeruginosa
Other Topics
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Injections often include 1% lidocaine for pain reduction.
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Ceftazidime (Fortum) has weak Gram + activity but strong Gram- activity * (P. aeruginosa), and is used in pseudomonal meningitis with aminoglycosides
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Cefoperazone (Cefobid) has similar activity to cefotaxime but 4 times higher against P. aeruginosa.
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Cefixime (Suprax) is the first oral 3rd-generation cephalosporin, similar to cefotaxime.
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Drugs of choice for gonorrhea and typhoid fever in children.
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Ceftolozane has no activity on MRSA but is active on P. aeruginosa and used in complicated skin and soft tissue infections
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Cephalosporin adverse effects often involve hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis and rash; nephrotoxicity is possible from cepohradine (Velocef).
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Imipenem (Tienam, Primaxin) is a beta-lactam with a wide spectrum of activity, including Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, and Enterococcus sp,; It needs cilastatin due to its short half-life.
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Meropenem: Unlike imipenem, it does not cause seizures, and can be given by i.v. bolus or by i.v. infusion.
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Ertapenem (Invanz), Doripenem and Monobactams, are not effectively against P. aeruginosa
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Aztreonam is the only monobactam available and effective against Gram-negative bacteria and P. aeruginosa
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Vancomycin, a glycopeptide, is effective against Gram-positive bacteria.
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Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide similar to vancomycin. Teicoplanin has a longer plasma half-life than vancomycin .
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Daptomycin is effective against Gram-positive bacteria and intracellular bacteria but is not absorbed into the gut.
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Daptomycin can cause kidney and nerve damage, and it is given slowly.
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Fosfomycin, broad spectrum antibiotic, effective in urinary tract infections, and used against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.
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Description
This quiz explores various aspects of antibiotics, focusing on aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and carbapenems. Test your knowledge on their effectiveness, uses, and side effects. Understand the specific roles and characteristics of these important medications.
