Antibacterials and Angina

The clinical efficacy of cefepime is based on the percentage of time that the drug concentration remains ______.

Chloramphenicol can cause toxic effects in newborns due to poorly developed ______.

Penicillin G, tobramycin, and vancomycin are primarily eliminated by ______.

Aspirin is a direct, irreversible inhibitor of ______.

Drug interactions have occurred with clarithromycin through its ability to inhibit ______.

Azithromycin has a half-life of more than 70 h, which allows for ______ dosing.

Fluoroquinolones are not recommended for use in pregnancy or for children younger than 10 years because they may damage ______.

Monitoring plasma drug levels is important when ______ antibiotics are used.

Transdermal nitroglycerin can sustain blood levels for as long as ______.

Nitroglycerin can cause a reflex tachycardia because of its ______ properties.

Nitroglycerin (glyceryl trinitrate) is rapidly denitrated in the ... and in ... ...—first to the 2 dinitrates (glyceryl dinitrate), which retain a significant ... effect; and more slowly to the mononitrates, which are much less active.

Nitrates release ______ within smooth muscle cells, probably through the action of the mitochondrial enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2).

Preload is filling pressure of the heart, dependent on ______ and ______; determines enddiastolic fiber length and tension

The most common toxic effects of nitrates are the responses evoked by vasodilation and include ______ (from the baroreceptor reflex), ______ (a direct extension of the venodilator effect), and throbbing ______ from meningeal artery vasodilation

The combination of nitrates (through increased production of cGMP) and a PDE5 inhibitor (through decreased breakdown of cGMP) causes a synergistic relaxation of ______ with potentially dangerous hypotension and inadequate perfusion of critical organs.

Several types of calcium channel blockers are approved for use in angina: ______, a dihydropyridine (and several other dihydropyridines), and the nondihydropyridines ______ and ______.

Secretory cells use L-type channels, but these channels are ______ to the calcium blockers than are cardiac and smooth muscle L-type channels.

Calcium blockers are effective as ______ therapy in both effort and vasospastic angina.

ACE inhibitors and ARBs are contraindicated in pregnant women, because they have been shown to be ______.

Postural (orthostatic) hypotension is usually due to venous pooling, which normally can be by ______ receptor inhibition.

Chronic, intolerable cough is an important adverse effect of ______.

Beta blockers do not cause ______ hypotension.

Diltiazem, as well as nifedipine and verapamil, act as vasodilators by reducing calcium influx via ______- ______.

African American patients with hypertension respond poorly to ______ and ______.

Sympathoplegic drugs interfere with ______ of cardiovascular function. The result is a reduction of one or more of the following: venous tone, _______, contractile force of the heart, _______, and total peripheral resistance

Because it can cause hirsutism, minoxidil is also available as a topical agent for the treatment of ______.

The strategies for treating idiopathic hypertension are based on the determinants of arterial pressure. These strategies include reductions of ______ (eg.diuretics), sympathetic effects (eg. beta and alfa blockers), vascular smooth muscle tension (eg. calcium channel blockers) and ______ (......).

The nonselective a blockers (phentolamine, phenoxybenzamine) are of no value in chronic hypertension because of ______.

Like other anticoagulants, the direct thrombin inhibitors can cause ______.

The most common serious adverse effect of the fibrinolytics is ______, especially in the cerebral circulation.

Antiplatelat drugs ... and ...have similar mechanisms of action and therapeutic efficacy.

Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) does not ______ and shows no teratogenic effects.

Aspirin exerts its antiplatelet effect through irreversible inhibition of ... and ... .

Oral Xa inhibitors, including the small molecules rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban, have a ... ... of action and ... half-lives than warfarin.

In the presence of heparin, ATIII proteolyzes ______ and ...... approximately 1000-fold faster than in its absence.

Direct oral factor Xa inhibitors undergo cytochrome P450- ... and cytochrome P450- ... elimination.

... thrombin Inhibitor argatroban is a small molecule with a ... half-life.;

Quinidine reduces the clearance of ... and may increase the serum concentration of the significantly.

Propranolol and esmolol are prototypic antiarrhythmic β blockers. Their mechanism in arrhythmias is primarily ....... blockade and reduction in ______, which results in a modest reduction of both ______ and ______ currents and the suppression of abnormal pacemakers.

An anticonvulsant drug phenytoin is classified with the group 1B antiarrhythmic agents because it can be used to reverse ... .. It lacks significant effects on the normal ECG.

Normal pacemaking and conduction require normal ______ (dependent on sodium, calcium, and potassium channel activity) under appropriate ______ control.

Group 1A antiarrhythmic drugs affect both ______ and ______ arrhythmias.

Torsades de pointes is a ventricular arrhythmia of great pharmacologic importance because it is often induced by antiarrhythmic and other drugs that change the shape of the action potential and ______.

Mexiletine is an active 1B agent. It selectively affect ischemic or depolarized ... and ... tissue and have little effect on atrial tissue.

Propranolol, metoprolol, and timolol are commonly used as ... ... in patients who have had a myocardial infarction.

Disopyramide has marked effects and may precipitate ..

Amiodarone is usually classified as a group 3 drug because it blocks the ... channels and markedly prolongs ... as well as blocking other channels and adrenoreceptors.

The major renal effect of acetazolamide is ... diuresis (ie, sodium bicarbonate is excreted); body ... is depleted, and metabolic acidosis results.

The loop diuretics are relatively ... - ... and diuresis usually occurs over a ... hour period following a dose.

... and are topical analogs of acetazolamide used for chronic treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.

Reabsorption of sodium, potassium, and chloride in the thick ascending limb of the ______ of ... are all accomplished by a Na+ /K+ /2Cl– carrier. It is also a major site of ... and ... reabsorption.

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors reduce secretion of ... into aqueous humor by the ciliary epithelium in the eye and into the cerebrospinal fluid by the choroid plexus. In the eye, a useful reduction in ... .... can be achieved. In the central nervous system (CNS), acidosis of the cerebrospinal fluid results in .... which can protect against high-altitude sickness.

Patients with hepatic impairment often excrete large amounts of ammonia in the urine in the form of ammonium ion. If they are given acetazolamide, ______ of the urine prevents conversion of ammonia to ammonium ion. As a result, they may develop ______ because of increased ammonia reabsorption and hyperammonemia.

Loop diuretics reduce the diluting ability of the nephron because the loop of Henle is the site of significant of

Aldosteronism is a feature of heart failure, and and ______ have been shown to have significant long-term benefits in this condition

Inhibition of renal prostaglandin synthesis reduces the efficacy of the ....

The major location for the action of osmotic diuretics is the convoluted tubule.

Because thiazides act in a diluting segment of the nephron, they may reduce the ______ and are also used in the treatment of nephrogenic ______

MIC in Cefepime efficacy

Chloramphenicol toxicity in newborns: organs

Primary elimination route of Penicillin G, Tobramycin, Vancomycin

Aspirin's target: Enzyme

Clarithromycin interactions mechanism

Nitroglycerin's reflex effect

Nitrates: Molecule released

Preload definition

Nitrates + PDE5 inhibitors

Calcium channel blockers for angina

ACE inhibitors in pregnancy

Alpha blockers side effects

ACE inhibitors side effect

Sympathoplegic drugs

Alpha blockers are not used for chronic hypertension

Complication of anticoagulants

Antiplatelat drugs

Heparin safety

Oral Xa inhibitors half-life compared to warfarin

ATIII in presence of heparin

Phenytoin class

Group 1A drugs

Torsades de pointes

Amiodarone target

Acetazolamide impact

Key components of the loop of Henle

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors reduce eye pressure

Thiazides impacts

long term benefit effect

Renal prostaglandins are reduced