Antibacterial Agents

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What is the primary route of administration for cephalexin?

IV

Oral (correct)

IM

Topical

Which generation of cephalosporins is effective against MRSA?

Fourth generation

First generation

Fifth generation (correct)

Third generation

What is the primary mechanism of excretion for cephalosporins?

Hepatic metabolism

Renal excretion (correct)

Biliary excretion

Salivary excretion

Which of the following cephalosporins does not cross the blood-brain barrier?

Cefaclor (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indication for piperacillin/tazobactam?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for dose reduction in cephalosporin therapy?

Renal impairment (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of β-lactam antimicrobials?

Inhibiting cell wall synthesis by binding to transpeptidase (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of transpeptidase in bacterial cell wall synthesis?

Catalyzing the formation of cross-links between peptide and glycan backbone (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of elimination for penicillins?

Renal excretion (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following penicillins is resistant to β-lactamase enzymes?

Flucloxacillin (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of food on the absorption of amoxicillin?

Decreases absorption (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of probenecid on the excretion of penicillin?

Decreases excretion (A) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of cross reactivity is estimated with penicillins?

1-2% (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary Gram positive bacteria covered by 5th generation Cephalosporins?

MRSA and enterococci (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary clinical use of 2nd generation Cephalosporins?

Surgical prophylaxis, UTI, and respiratory tract infections (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary adverse effect of Cephalosporins on the nervous system?

Seizures (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between 3rd generation Cephalosporins (cefotaxime, ceftazidime) and 3rd generation Cephalosporins (ceftazidime)?

Pseudomonas aeruginosa coverage (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary Gram negative bacteria covered by Aztreonam?

Aerobic Gram negative bacilli (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of glycopeptide antimicrobials?

Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis by interacting with the terminal amino acids of the side chain (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following carbapenems does NOT cover Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Ertapenem (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of excretion for carbapenems?

Renal excretion (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indication for using carbapenems?

Treatment of resistant bacterial infections (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of carbapenem use?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which glycopeptide antibiotic can be used orally for the treatment of C. difficile?

Vancomycin (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of polymixins?

Interaction with LPS on outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between vancomycin and teicoplanin?

Vancomycin crosses the blood-brain barrier, while teicoplanin does not (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for monitoring serum trough levels of glycopeptides?

To avoid toxicity (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indication for the use of polymixins?

Treatment of infections caused by multi-resistant Gram negative bacteria (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary side effect of glycopeptides?

Red man syndrome (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of administration for polymixins in patients with cystic fibrosis?

Nebulised (C) Signup and view all the answers