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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of receptors located in sense organs?
What is the primary function of receptors located in sense organs?
- To respond to stimuli
- To initiate muscle movement
- To detect information from the environment (correct)
- To produce electrical impulses
Specialized tissues in animals are responsible for control and coordination.
Specialized tissues in animals are responsible for control and coordination.
True (A)
What happens when a nerve impulse reaches the end of the axon?
What happens when a nerve impulse reaches the end of the axon?
It triggers the release of chemicals that cross the synapse to initiate an impulse in the next neuron.
The tips of nerve cells that detect information from the environment are called ______.
The tips of nerve cells that detect information from the environment are called ______.
Match the following types of receptors with the senses they detect:
Match the following types of receptors with the senses they detect:
What is the role of auxin in plants when they detect light?
What is the role of auxin in plants when they detect light?
Cytokinins are found in greater concentrations in areas where cell division is less frequent.
Cytokinins are found in greater concentrations in areas where cell division is less frequent.
What is the effect of gibberellins on plant growth?
What is the effect of gibberellins on plant growth?
Auxin is synthesized at the shoot tip and helps to __________ the cells.
Auxin is synthesized at the shoot tip and helps to __________ the cells.
Match the plant hormone with its primary function:
Match the plant hormone with its primary function:
What is the primary function of reflex arcs in animals?
What is the primary function of reflex arcs in animals?
The spinal cord is solely responsible for reflex actions.
The spinal cord is solely responsible for reflex actions.
What constitutes the central nervous system?
What constitutes the central nervous system?
Nerves from all over the body meet in a bundle in the __________ on their way to the brain.
Nerves from all over the body meet in a bundle in the __________ on their way to the brain.
Match the following functions with the corresponding part of the nervous system:
Match the following functions with the corresponding part of the nervous system:
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for controlling involuntary actions such as blood pressure and salivation?
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for controlling involuntary actions such as blood pressure and salivation?
The cerebellum is responsible for controlling involuntary actions.
The cerebellum is responsible for controlling involuntary actions.
What structure protects the spinal cord?
What structure protects the spinal cord?
The brain is protected by a bony box and a fluid-filled __________.
The brain is protected by a bony box and a fluid-filled __________.
Match the following brain functions with their respective parts:
Match the following brain functions with their respective parts:
What is the term for the movement of plant roots away from light?
What is the term for the movement of plant roots away from light?
Plants do not respond to gravity in their growth direction.
Plants do not respond to gravity in their growth direction.
What happens to the direction of new growth when a plant is rotated so that the shoots are away from the light?
What happens to the direction of new growth when a plant is rotated so that the shoots are away from the light?
The upward growth of plant shoots in response to gravity is known as __________.
The upward growth of plant shoots in response to gravity is known as __________.
Match the following types of tropic movement with their definitions:
Match the following types of tropic movement with their definitions:
Flashcards
Controlled Movement
Controlled Movement
The ability of organisms to recognize environmental changes and react appropriately.
Receptors
Receptors
Specialized cell endings in sense organs that detect stimuli.
Reflex Action
Reflex Action
An immediate, involuntary motor response to a stimulus.
Reflex Arcs
Reflex Arcs
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Spinal Cord
Spinal Cord
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
Central Nervous System (CNS)
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Voluntary Actions
Voluntary Actions
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Involuntary Actions
Involuntary Actions
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Mid-brain and Hind-brain
Mid-brain and Hind-brain
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Cerebellum
Cerebellum
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Tropism
Tropism
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Phototropism
Phototropism
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Geotropism
Geotropism
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Auxin
Auxin
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Gibberellins
Gibberellins
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Cytokinins
Cytokinins
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Study Notes
Controlled Movement in Organisms
- Movement in organisms is linked to recognizing environmental events and responding appropriately.
- Control and coordination are provided by specialized tissues, particularly nervous and muscular tissues in animals.
Nervous System in Animals
- Specialized nerve cell tips, or receptors, located in sense organs (inner ear, nose, tongue), detect environmental stimuli.
- Touching a hot object triggers immediate responses through the nervous system.
- Detection creates a chemical reaction leading to an electrical impulse traveling from dendrites to the cell body and along the axon.
Nervous Impulse Transmission
- At the axon terminal, electrical impulses cause chemical release, creating new impulses in adjacent neurons.
- Nerves bundle in the spinal cord, forming reflex arcs that allow for rapid responses before information reaches the brain.
- Reflex arcs evolved for quick reactions in organisms lacking complex neuron networks.
Human Brain Functionality
- The spinal cord is central to more than reflex actions; it informs the brain, facilitating thought and decision-making.
- The central nervous system (CNS) integrates information received from the body.
- Voluntary actions (e.g., writing, talking) require brain signals to muscles, while many involuntary actions (e.g., breathing, digestion) occur without conscious thought.
Involuntary Actions and Brain Regions
- The mid-brain and hind-brain control involuntary functions such as blood pressure and salivation.
- The cerebellum, part of the hind-brain, ensures precision in voluntary movements, balance, and posture.
Brain Protection
- The brain is housed within a bony structure (skull) and surrounded by a fluid-filled membrane that absorbs shock.
- The spinal cord is protected by the vertebral column (backbone).
Action and Movement Mechanics
- Nervous tissue collects, processes information, and communicates decisions to muscle tissue for action.
- Growth directionality in plants appears as movement, influenced by environmental stimuli.
Plant Responses to Stimuli
- Plants exhibit tropisms in response to stimuli like light and gravity (geotropism: roots grow down, shoots grow up).
- Auxin is a plant hormone that causes cells on the shaded side of a plant to elongate, enabling bending towards light.
Plant Hormones and Growth
- Gibberellins promote stem growth.
- Cytokinins enhance cell division, especially in rapidly growing areas (e.g., fruits, seeds).
- Hormonal responses in plants facilitate growth and environmental interaction.
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