Animal Physiology Quiz: Nervous System

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Questions and Answers

What is the role of the grey matter in the CNS?

Processing information and integrating signals (correct)

Regulating hormone production

Acting as a sensory receptor

Transmitting nerve impulses

Which type of sensory receptor is responsible for detecting changes in temperature?

Chemoreceptors

Mechanoreceptors

Photoreceptors

Thermo receptors (correct)

What is the main function of the sodium-potassium pump in nerve cells?

Releasing neurotransmitters

Transmitting nerve impulses

Maintaining resting potential (correct)

Generating action potential

What happens to the charge of the cell membrane during an action potential?

It temporarily reverses Signup and view all the answers

What is released by the axon terminals when an action potential reaches the end of an axon?

Neurotransmitters Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the electrical potential of a nerve cell when it is not stimulated?

Resting potential Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nervous system in the body?

To control and coordinate body functions and respond to stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of myelin sheath in the nervous system?

To speed up the transmission of action potentials Signup and view all the answers

What is comprised of groups of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses?

Gray matter Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the gaps in the myelin sheath?

Node of Ranvier Signup and view all the answers

What is formed when neurons bundle together?

Nerves Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of the myelin sheath in terms of impulse transmission?

It increases the speed of impulse transmission Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the neurotransmitter after transmission?

It is either degraded by an enzyme, or taken back into the presynaptic membrane by a transporter Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes about 80% of the total brain weight?

Cerebrum Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the central nervous system?

To control both voluntary and involuntary movements Signup and view all the answers

What is the weight of the brain in adults?

3 pounds Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the brain is made up of water?

75% Signup and view all the answers

What opens the post-synaptic membrane ion channel for Na+?

Interaction of neurotransmitter and protein receptor Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cerebral cortex?

Thought, decision making, and creativity Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain plays a key role in sleep and dreaming?

Pons of Varolii Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the thalamus?

Relaying messages for synaptic input Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the hypothalamus?

Regulation of homeostatic functions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cerebellum?

Maintenance of balance and coordination Signup and view all the answers

What is the brain stem composed of?

Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain regulates functions such as heart and lung functioning, swallowing, and vomiting?

Medulla Oblongata Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord?

31 Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the gray matter in the spinal cord?

Butterfly-shaped Signup and view all the answers

What type of fibers carry incoming signals into the spinal cord?

Afferent fibers Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system is responsible for receiving and processing sensory input from the skin and muscles?

Somatic Nervous System Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of cranial nerves are part of the Peripheral Nervous System?

12 Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Nervous System

The nervous system has two main communication systems: the nervous system and the endocrine system.
The nervous system uses nerves to respond to internal and external stimuli, while the endocrine system uses hormones.

Neuron Structure

Neurons have three main parts: dendrites, cell body, and axon.
The axon is surrounded by a myelin sheath, which speeds up the transmission of action potentials.
The myelin sheath has gaps called nodes, where impulses jump to increase speed.
"White matter" refers to groupings of myelinated axons, while "gray matter" refers to groupings of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses.

Nerves

Nerves are bundles of neurons.
The myelin sheath insulates axons and has gaps called nodes.
Impulses jump from node to node, increasing speed.

Chemical Synapse

An impulse opens ion channels for calcium, which initiates the release of neurotransmitters.
Neurotransmitters are released from vesicles and cross the synaptic cleft, attaching to protein receptors on the dendrite.
This interaction opens post-synaptic membrane ion channels for sodium.
After transmission, neurotransmitters are either degraded or taken back into the presynaptic membrane.

Central Nervous System

The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord.
It is the control center of the body, responsible for controlling, receiving, and interpreting stimuli.
It sends nerve impulses to instruct muscles and glands to take action.

Brain

The brain weighs about 3 pounds in adults and contains over 100 billion neurons.
It controls bodily functions and interactions with the outside world.
The brain has four main divisions: cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brain stem.

Cerebrum

The cerebrum is the most highly developed part of the brain, making up about 80% of its weight.
It is responsible for thought, decision making, creativity, language, senses, memory, and voluntary control of movement.

Diencephalon

The diencephalon is the deep portion of the brain containing the thalamus and hypothalamus.
The thalamus is a relay station for synaptic input, crude awareness of sensation, and role in motor control.
The hypothalamus regulates homeostatic functions, links the nervous and endocrine systems, and is involved with emotion and behavior.

Cerebellum

The cerebellum maintains balance, enhances muscle tone, and coordinates skilled voluntary muscle activity.

Brain Stem

The brain stem connects the brain to the spinal cord and is made up of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
The midbrain is involved with visual reflexes, the pons helps relay messages from the cortex and cerebellum, and plays a key role in sleep and dreaming.

Spinal Cord

The spinal cord is connected to the spinal nerves, which branch out and connect the brain to the body.
There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, each named according to the region of the vertebral column.
The spinal cord has a butterfly-shaped gray matter region surrounded by white matter.

Peripheral Nervous System

The peripheral nervous system consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
It receives and processes sensory input from the skin, muscles, tendons, joints, eyes, tongue, nose, and ears, and excites the voluntary contraction of skeletal muscles.

Sense Organs

Sense organs have sensory receptors that are concentrated in the eyes, ears, nose, mouth, and skin.
The five general categories of sensory receptors are pain receptors, thermo receptors, mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors.
The 5 senses are seeing, hearing, smell, taste, and touch.

Resting Nerve

Nerve impulses are electrical, created by a sodium-potassium pump that uses ATP to pump sodium ions out and potassium ions in.
This results in a negative charge inside the cell membrane and positive charge outside, creating a resting potential.

Nerve Impulse

An impulse begins when a neuron is stimulated, causing positively charged sodium ions to flow in and temporarily reversing the charge of the cell membrane.
As the impulse passes, positively charged potassium ions flow out, restoring the normal resting potential.

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Description

Test your knowledge of animal physiology, specifically the nervous system and its functions. Learn about the systems used for communication in the body and respond to internal and external stimuli. This quiz is ideal for students of agriculture and animal science.