Animal Production Basics: Anatomy & Physiology

Questions and Answers

What is the focus of Animal Science?

Study of wild animal habitats

Production of grain crops

Management of aquatic life

Biology of animals that live alongside humans (correct)

Which branch of anatomy deals with the form and structure of domesticated animals?

Veterinary Anatomy (correct)

Embryology

Special Anatomy

Pathological Anatomy

Which of the following is NOT a method of classifying anatomy based on processes?

Pathological Anatomy

Surgical Anatomy (correct)

Embryology

Microscopic Anatomy

What is the primary focus of Physiology in relation to animals?

The scientific study of the functions within living systems Signup and view all the answers

Which directional term refers to structures that lie towards the back of an animal?

Dorsal Signup and view all the answers

What does Myology specifically describe?

The muscles and their accessory structures Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of Special Anatomy?

Describes the structure of a single species Signup and view all the answers

Which systematic anatomy division describes the joints?

Syndesmology Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes structures that lie toward the midline of the body?

Medial Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the integumentary system?

Excretion of waste Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of skin is characterized as an avascular stratified squamous epithelium?

Epidermis Signup and view all the answers

Which structures are considered part of the integumentary system?

Hair and glands Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cholecalciferol in the body?

A form of Vitamin D3 Signup and view all the answers

Caudal structures are located toward which part of the body?

Back Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about skin thickness is correct?

Skin can vary in thickness among individuals. Signup and view all the answers

Which direction does the dorsal structure of a limb face?

Toward the front Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary tissue type found in the dermis, which cushions the body from stress and strain?

Dense irregular connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which stratum of the epidermis is characterized by dead, flattened cells?

Stratum corneum Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process that involves the drying and hardening of the superficial cells of the skin?

Keratinization Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the arrector pili muscle in relation to hair follicles?

It contracts to make the hair stand up. Signup and view all the answers

What type of hair is characterized as long, stiff hairs that serve as organs of touch?

Tactile hairs Signup and view all the answers

What structure covers the root of the hair and is continuous with the epidermal cells over the dermal papilla?

Internal epithelial root sheath Signup and view all the answers

Which glands produce sebum through the disintegration of epithelial cells?

Sebaceous glands Signup and view all the answers

What is a callus an indication of in the skin?

Increased thickness due to continuous trauma Signup and view all the answers

What is the thin waxy layer that covers the outside of the hoof called?

Periople Signup and view all the answers

What primarily characterizes the hypodermis layer of the skin?

Loose connective tissue and variable fat content Signup and view all the answers

What describes the structure of the hoof in contact with the ground?

Horny sole and softer bulb Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the epidermis is known for having a spiny appearance due to desmosomes?

Stratum spinosum Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about horns is true?

Horns are covered by a layer of epikeras. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of dewclaws in animals?

They have little clinical significance. Signup and view all the answers

Which digits do the dewclaws correspond to in animals?

II and V Signup and view all the answers

Where are chestnuts located on horses?

Proximal to the carpus on the medial side Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Unit Introduction to Animal Science

Animal science studies the biology of animals cohabitating with humans, focusing on livestock production economics.
Covers various animals including cattle, poultry, goats, sheep, swine, and horses.
Animal husbandry encompasses breeding, farming, and care of farm animals.

Anatomy Overview

Anatomy examines the body's structure and the relationship between its parts, forming a base for medical science.
Classifications include:
- Embryology: Developmental anatomy.
- Pathological Anatomy: Study of disease-related changes.
- Surgical Anatomy: Practical applications in surgery.
- Gross Anatomy: Visible structure study.
- Microscopic Anatomy: Study of cells and tissues under a microscope.

Major Divisions of Anatomy

Special Anatomy: Focuses on specific species structure.
Veterinary Anatomy: Describes domesticated animal forms and structures.

Systematic Anatomy Divisions

Osteology: Study of the skeletal system.
Syndesmology: Study of joints.
Myology: Exploration of muscles and related structures.
Splanchnology: Study of internal organs.

Physiology

Physiology examines functions and mechanisms in living systems.
Investigates how organisms and their systems perform chemical and physical functions.

Directional Terms in Anatomy

Dorsal: Toward the back.
Ventral: Toward the belly.
Cranial: Toward the head.
Caudal: Toward the tail.
Medial: Toward the midline.
Lateral: Away from the midline.
Proximal: Closer to body junction.
Distal: Further from body junction.

Integumentary System

Comprises the skin, hair, glands, horns, hoofs, and claws.
Functions include:
- Physical protection and barrier.
- Prevention of dehydration.
- Body temperature regulation.
- Sensory information from cutaneous receptors.
- Metabolic activities.
- Waste excretion.

Skin Structure

Epidermis: Outer layer, avascular, mainly free of nerve endings.
Dermis: Contains connective tissue, receptors, hair follicles, and glands.
Hypodermis: Loose connective tissue with variable fat content relevant to species.

Layers of the Epidermis

Stratum Corneum: Layer of dead, flattened skin cells.
Stratum Lucidum: Often absent, contains poorly staining cells.
Stratum Granulosum: Composed of keratinocyte cells.
Stratum Spinosum: Characterized by desmosomal connections.

Keratinization and Callus Formation

Keratinization: Process of skin surface hardening and drying, increasing toughness.
Callus: Local thickening in response to persistent trauma.

Hair Types and Structure

Guard Hairs: Outer smooth coat.
Wool Hairs: Fine, curly undercoat.
Tactile Hairs: Specialized, long stiff hairs for touch.
Hair follicles are epidermis modifications with growth occurring at the hair bulb.

Hoofs and Horns

Hoof Components:
- Corium: Dermal layer of hooves.
- Periople: Thin outer waxy layer.
- Laminae: Connects hoof wall and corium with interlocking structures.
Horn Structure: Composed of a bony core covered by soft epikeras from the skull's cornual process.

Dewclaws and Other Modifications

Dewclaws: Accessory digits with minimal clinical significance, correspond to digits II and V.
Chestnuts and Ergots: Hornlike projections found on horse limbs, with specific anatomical locations.

Feathers

Unique epidermal growths forming the outer plumage of birds.

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Description

This quiz covers the essential principles of animal production, focusing on the basic anatomy and physiology of livestock and poultry. It provides insights into the integumentary system and how it impacts animal health and production. Ideal for students in Animal Science courses.