Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following options can amylase break glycogen down into? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following options can amylase break glycogen down into? (Select all that apply)
Some animals use supercooling and controlled ice formation outside their cells for surviving cold temperatures.
Some animals use supercooling and controlled ice formation outside their cells for surviving cold temperatures.
True
What is the primary reason for the thermogenic nature of brown adipose tissue?
What is the primary reason for the thermogenic nature of brown adipose tissue?
The electron transport system and ATP synthase activity of its mitochondria are somewhat uncoupled.
Ectotherms, such as lizards, experience an increase in resting metabolic rate when placed under __________ lighting.
Ectotherms, such as lizards, experience an increase in resting metabolic rate when placed under __________ lighting.
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Which of the following statements regarding disaccharides in the mammalian digestive tract is true? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following statements regarding disaccharides in the mammalian digestive tract is true? (Select all that apply)
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Both the citric acid cycle and beta-oxidation of fatty acids take place in the cytoplasm.
Both the citric acid cycle and beta-oxidation of fatty acids take place in the cytoplasm.
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What thermal acclimation strategy does a goldfish exhibiting a higher density of mitochondria in cold temperatures demonstrate?
What thermal acclimation strategy does a goldfish exhibiting a higher density of mitochondria in cold temperatures demonstrate?
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Match each term with its description:
Match each term with its description:
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Which statement is true regarding body sizes of organisms in different climates?
Which statement is true regarding body sizes of organisms in different climates?
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Only some species of mammals can enter a state of torpor to conserve energy.
Only some species of mammals can enter a state of torpor to conserve energy.
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What is the relationship between an animal's size and its metabolic rate according to allometric scaling?
What is the relationship between an animal's size and its metabolic rate according to allometric scaling?
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The internal environment maintained by an organism is referred to as its ______.
The internal environment maintained by an organism is referred to as its ______.
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Match the following concepts with their proponents:
Match the following concepts with their proponents:
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Which group generally maintains higher metabolic rates to regulate body temperature?
Which group generally maintains higher metabolic rates to regulate body temperature?
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The principles explaining the evolution of endothermy are mutually exclusive.
The principles explaining the evolution of endothermy are mutually exclusive.
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What physiological adaptation is most closely associated with the evolution of multicellularity?
What physiological adaptation is most closely associated with the evolution of multicellularity?
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Ectotherms typically have _____ metabolic rates than endotherms of the same size.
Ectotherms typically have _____ metabolic rates than endotherms of the same size.
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Which statement describes volume-based and surface-based processes in relation to size?
Which statement describes volume-based and surface-based processes in relation to size?
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What work do all animals perform as long as they are alive?
What work do all animals perform as long as they are alive?
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Heat and potential energy result from muscle contraction and DNA synthesis.
Heat and potential energy result from muscle contraction and DNA synthesis.
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Why can a single molecule of cAMP-dependent protein kinase help to break up many glycogen molecules?
Why can a single molecule of cAMP-dependent protein kinase help to break up many glycogen molecules?
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Guatemalan children raised in the United States are taller than Guatemalan children raised in __________.
Guatemalan children raised in the United States are taller than Guatemalan children raised in __________.
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What effect does adenosine monophosphate (AMP) have on phosphofructokinase?
What effect does adenosine monophosphate (AMP) have on phosphofructokinase?
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Which curve has the lowest Km value from the Michaelis-Menten equation?
Which curve has the lowest Km value from the Michaelis-Menten equation?
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Gap junctions allow molecules to pass between epithelial cells.
Gap junctions allow molecules to pass between epithelial cells.
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What is the average metabolic rate of an animal that transforms 1,100 kJ of chemical energy?
What is the average metabolic rate of an animal that transforms 1,100 kJ of chemical energy?
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What type of receptor activates cAMP via an intermediate protein linked to GDP?
What type of receptor activates cAMP via an intermediate protein linked to GDP?
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Biological adaptations are constrained by their __________ history.
Biological adaptations are constrained by their __________ history.
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What aspect of ATP synthase utilizes energy during oxidative phosphorylation?
What aspect of ATP synthase utilizes energy during oxidative phosphorylation?
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The several selective forces proposed for the evolution of multicellularity are mutually exclusive hypotheses.
The several selective forces proposed for the evolution of multicellularity are mutually exclusive hypotheses.
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Match the following physiological terms with their descriptions:
Match the following physiological terms with their descriptions:
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Who is credited with first popularizing the term 'homeostasis'?
Who is credited with first popularizing the term 'homeostasis'?
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Study Notes
Amylase Action
- Amylase breaks down glycogen into maltose and branched oligosaccharides.
- Amylase does not produce sucrose or lactose.
- Amylase does not produce glucose directly.
Animal Thermoregulation
- Some animals survive cold temperatures by combining supercooling and controlled ice formation outside their cells.
Brown Adipose Tissue
- Brown adipose tissue generates heat mainly by uncoupling the electron transport system and ATP synthase activity in its mitochondria.
- This process effectively uses energy to generate heat rather than produce ATP. Other answers are incorrect or not as central to its function.
Ectotherm Metabolic Rate
- Placing an ectotherm under intense lighting increases its resting metabolic rate.
- Painting an ectotherm with white paint would likely reduce its metabolic rate, not increase it.
- Immersing or increasing airflow over an ectotherm likely would not increase its resting metabolic rate under laboratory conditions.
Disaccharides in Digestion
- Enzymes in mammals' small intestines break down disaccharides into monosaccharides.
- Salivary amylase does not directly break down disaccharides.
Poikilotherm Characteristics
- Poikilotherms (also known as ectotherms) have a range of tolerance to temperature changes.
- They do not have a thermoneutral zone.
- They have defined lower and upper lethal temperatures.
Metabolic Processes Locations
- The citric acid cycle and beta-oxidation of fatty acids occur in the mitochondria, not the cytoplasm.
Goldfish Mitochondrial Adaptation
- A goldfish acclimated to cold temperatures has a higher mitochondrial density in its muscle fibers than a room-temperature fish. This is a quantitative thermal acclimation strategy (i.e., changing the quantity of certain components).
Animal Work and Energy
- Animals perform work by transforming chemical energy into mechanical energy during movement, such as jumping.
- All living organisms use chemical energy to counteract the tendency toward increasing entropy.
Different Forms of Energy
- Muscle contraction and DNA synthesis both produce heat and potential energy.
- Chemical energy is also involved in both processes.
Enzyme Cascade Amplification
- A single cAMP-dependent protein kinase molecule can break down many glycogen molecules by activating a cascade of enzyme phosphorylations.
- Each phosphorylated enzyme can activate more enzymes in the cascade, amplifying the initial signal.
- Enzyme cascade amplification is not about lowering activation energy in this sense.
Human Height Differences
- Differences in height between Guatemalan children raised in the US and those raised in Guatemala can be due to phenotypic plasticity and epigenetic changes, but not natural selection (which affects species and is long term).
Enzyme-Substrate Binding
- When lactate dehydrogenase binds to pyruvic acid, the molecules bind non-covalently, and the enzyme changes shape.
Allosteric Modulation
- AMP alters phosphofructokinase activity by changing its tertiary structure, not its amino acid sequence or by directly phosphorylating it.
- The change in structure impacts catalytic activity.
Michaelis-Menten Kinetics
- Curve "x" in the reaction velocity curves has the lowest Km value (Michaelis constant), indicating it has the highest initial reaction rate.
Serotonin Receptor Type
- The 5-HT6 serotonin receptor is a G-protein-coupled receptor, activating cAMP through a GDP-linked intermediate protein.
Gap Junctions
- Gap junctions allow the passage of molecules between adjacent cells, unlike occluding junctions which prevent it.
- Gap junctions (unlike occluding junctions) require proteins.
Calculating Metabolic Rate
- If an animal transforms 1,100 kJ of chemical energy and generates different forms of energy over a day, its average metabolic rate is 11.57 W.
ATP Synthase Energy Source
- ATP synthase in oxidative phosphorylation uses the electrochemical gradient of hydrogen protons (produced by the electron transport chain) in mitochondria to make ATP.
Phosphagen ATP Limitation
- Phosphagen provides quick ATP, but animal bodies cannot rely on it permanently as its supply is limited.
Krogh Principle
- The Krogh principle suggests that every biological question can be answered by observing a suitable organism.
Metazoan Reproduction
- Most, but not all, metazoan species can reproduce sexually.
Multicellularity Hypotheses
- Hypotheses regarding multicellularity evolution are not mutually exclusive
Size and Evolutionary Processes
- Considering comparable animals, volume-based processes increase more rapidly with size than those correlated with surface area.
Early Concepts of Homeostasis and Physiologists
- Walter Cannon popularized the term "homeostasis," while Claude Bernard worked on the internal milieu, but is related to homeostasis.
Bergmann's Rule
- Bergmann's Rule states that species in colder climates tend to have larger body sizes than those in warmer climates.
Mammalian Torpor
- Some mammal species utilize torpor (a state of dormancy) to conserve energy, but not all mammals exhibit this behavior.
Evolutionary Hypotheses for Endothermy
- Hypotheses about the evolution of endothermy are not mutually exclusive.
Allometric Scaling
- Allometric scaling explains that the relationship between animal size and metabolic rate is not linear but follows a power law (e.g., relationship is not in direct proportion).
Invertebrate Thermoregulation
- Invertebrates can adjust their body temperature through actions and behaviors (behavioral thermoregulation).
Multicellularity Origin
- Cell differentiation (specializing cells) plays a critical part in the development of multicellularity.
Claude Bernard's Concept
- Claude Bernard is associated with the concept of the internal milieu (internal environment of an organism).
Ectotherm vs. Endotherm Metabolism
- Endotherms maintain higher metabolic rates for thermoregulation compared to ectotherms of similar size.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts in animal physiology, including amylase action, thermoregulation in ectotherms, and the function of brown adipose tissue. This quiz covers important mechanisms and adaptations that contribute to the survival of animals in various environments.
