40 Questions
What is the primary function of the nephron in the kidney?
Blood filtration
Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating the absorption of calcium in the blood?
Calcitriol
What is the main function of erythropoietin in the body?
Promoting red blood cell production
Which system does renin play an essential role in?
Renal-angiotensin-aldosterone system
What stimulates the production of calcitriol in response to hypocalcemia?
PTH
Where are the kidneys located in relation to the body?
Adjacent to the upper abdominal wall
What is the main function of the medulla in the kidney?
Water and electrolyte balance
Which hormone is a hormone activator and an essential part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?
Renin
What is the primary function of the glomerulus in the kidney?
To filter the blood and form the primary urine
What is the main function of the proximal tubule in the kidney?
To reabsorb most filtered solutes like glucose, amino acids, and proteins
What is the approximate range of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in healthy adult dogs?
2.4 - 3.7 mL/min/kg
What is the approximate range of urine production in healthy adult cats?
20 - 28 mL/kg/day
What is the main function of the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop?
To reabsorb sodium, potassium, and chloride
What is the main difference between primary urine and tubular fluid?
Primary urine has the same concentration of solutes as plasma, while tubular fluid has a lower concentration
What is the main function of the distal convoluted tubule?
To regulate the excretion of acid, bicarbonate, and water
What percentage of the filtered water is typically reabsorbed in the kidneys?
99%
Which substance has the highest filterability by glomerular capillaries based on molecular weight?
Water
What is the filterability of albumin by glomerular capillaries based on molecular weight?
0.01
Among the substances listed, which one has the highest molecular weight?
Albumin
What is the effect of a cationic substance's charge on its filterability by glomerular capillaries?
Enhances filterability
How does plasma protein binding act as a protective mechanism for some solutes?
By retaining them in circulation for a defined time period
What is considered 'final urine' in a nephron's tubular system?
Tubular fluid after tubular reabsorption
Which type of substances are filtered as freely as water by glomerular capillaries according to size?
Small organic compounds
'Osmolality' is defined as which of the following?
Number of solutes per kilogram of solvent
How does the thin descending limb of Henle's loop reabsorb water?
By osmosis
What is the primary function of aquaporins (AQP's) in the proximal tubule (PT) of the kidney?
Facilitated diffusion of water
In response to increased plasma osmolality, what hormone is released to produce concentrated urine?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
What forces oppose filtration in the kidneys?
Hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's space and oncotic pressure of filtrate
Which part of the nephron does the last significant water reabsorption?
Collecting ducts
What is the key purpose of urine concentration in terrestrial animals?
To avoid dehydration
What triggers the activation of osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus leading to ADH secretion?
Increased extracellular osmolarity
What is the effect of Na+ reabsorption on water movement in the kidneys?
Promotes water movement both into cells and into the interstitium
Which hormone deficiency is likely causing anemia in a cat with chronic kidney disease?
Erythropoietin
What is the primary function of the glomerulus?
Filter the blood and form primary urine
In the absence of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), how would the urine of a dog be described?
Very dilute and a large volume will be produced
What is the role of the collecting duct (CD) in urine concentration/dilution?
Determines the osmolality of the excreted urine
What happens to the collecting duct (CD) in the absence of vasopressin (ADH)?
Becomes relatively impermeable to water leading to diluted urine production
Which condition causes the collecting duct to be relatively impermeable to water?
Presence of adequate vasopressin (ADH)
How does the absence of ADH impact the production of urine?
Increases urine volume and decreases concentration
What is the relation between the collecting duct and water permeability in response to ADH levels?
Decreased ADH leads to increased water permeability in the collecting duct
This quiz covers topics such as urine production, blood filtration, metabolic waste and xenobiotics excretion in domestic animals. It also includes information on the retrieval of metabolic substances, response to disturbances, gluconeogenesis, and hormone production. A valuable resource for understanding these functions is provided as well.
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