Physiology of Domestic Animals: Urine Production and Blood Filtration
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the nephron in the kidney?

  • Blood filtration (correct)
  • Metabolic waste excretion
  • Hormone production
  • Glucose production

    • Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating the absorption of calcium in the blood?

  • PTH
  • Calcitriol (correct)
  • Renin
  • Erythropoietin

    • What is the main function of erythropoietin in the body?

  • Stimulating glucose production
  • Regulating blood pressure
  • Promoting red blood cell production (correct)
  • Enhancing calcium absorption

    • Which system does renin play an essential role in?

    <p>Renal-angiotensin-aldosterone system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the production of calcitriol in response to hypocalcemia?

    <p>PTH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the kidneys located in relation to the body?

    <p>Adjacent to the upper abdominal wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the medulla in the kidney?

    <p>Water and electrolyte balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is a hormone activator and an essential part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

    <p>Renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the glomerulus in the kidney?

    <p>To filter the blood and form the primary urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the proximal tubule in the kidney?

    <p>To reabsorb most filtered solutes like glucose, amino acids, and proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate range of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in healthy adult dogs?

    <p>2.4 - 3.7 mL/min/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate range of urine production in healthy adult cats?

    <p>20 - 28 mL/kg/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop?

    <p>To reabsorb sodium, potassium, and chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between primary urine and tubular fluid?

    <p>Primary urine has the same concentration of solutes as plasma, while tubular fluid has a lower concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the distal convoluted tubule?

    <p>To regulate the excretion of acid, bicarbonate, and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the filtered water is typically reabsorbed in the kidneys?

    <p>99%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance has the highest filterability by glomerular capillaries based on molecular weight?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the filterability of albumin by glomerular capillaries based on molecular weight?

    <p>0.01</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among the substances listed, which one has the highest molecular weight?

    <p>Albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a cationic substance's charge on its filterability by glomerular capillaries?

    <p>Enhances filterability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does plasma protein binding act as a protective mechanism for some solutes?

    <p>By retaining them in circulation for a defined time period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered 'final urine' in a nephron's tubular system?

    <p>Tubular fluid after tubular reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of substances are filtered as freely as water by glomerular capillaries according to size?

    <p>Small organic compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Osmolality' is defined as which of the following?

    <p>Number of solutes per kilogram of solvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the thin descending limb of Henle's loop reabsorb water?

    <p>By osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of aquaporins (AQP's) in the proximal tubule (PT) of the kidney?

    <p>Facilitated diffusion of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In response to increased plasma osmolality, what hormone is released to produce concentrated urine?

    <p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forces oppose filtration in the kidneys?

    <p>Hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's space and oncotic pressure of filtrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nephron does the last significant water reabsorption?

    <p>Collecting ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key purpose of urine concentration in terrestrial animals?

    <p>To avoid dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the activation of osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus leading to ADH secretion?

    <p>Increased extracellular osmolarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Na+ reabsorption on water movement in the kidneys?

    <p>Promotes water movement both into cells and into the interstitium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone deficiency is likely causing anemia in a cat with chronic kidney disease?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the glomerulus?

    <p>Filter the blood and form primary urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the absence of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), how would the urine of a dog be described?

    <p>Very dilute and a large volume will be produced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the collecting duct (CD) in urine concentration/dilution?

    <p>Determines the osmolality of the excreted urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the collecting duct (CD) in the absence of vasopressin (ADH)?

    <p>Becomes relatively impermeable to water leading to diluted urine production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition causes the collecting duct to be relatively impermeable to water?

    <p>Presence of adequate vasopressin (ADH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the absence of ADH impact the production of urine?

    <p>Increases urine volume and decreases concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relation between the collecting duct and water permeability in response to ADH levels?

    <p>Decreased ADH leads to increased water permeability in the collecting duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

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