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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of Facilitated Study Groups (FSGs) for BIOB34?
What is the primary purpose of Facilitated Study Groups (FSGs) for BIOB34?
Shangzhi is responsible for teaching the course content in FSGs.
Shangzhi is responsible for teaching the course content in FSGs.
False
What are the two modes in which FSG sessions will be conducted?
What are the two modes in which FSG sessions will be conducted?
In-person and online
Animal physiology is the study of how animals _____
Animal physiology is the study of how animals _____
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Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
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Who is considered the father of physiology by some?
Who is considered the father of physiology by some?
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Galen was the first to suggest the heart was a pump.
Galen was the first to suggest the heart was a pump.
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What significant contribution did Ibn al-Nafis make in physiology?
What significant contribution did Ibn al-Nafis make in physiology?
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___ first identified the function of the cardiac tricuspid valve.
___ first identified the function of the cardiac tricuspid valve.
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Match the following figures with their respective contributions:
Match the following figures with their respective contributions:
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Which of the following is primarily influenced by surface area?
Which of the following is primarily influenced by surface area?
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Larger body size generally results in more control over the internal environment.
Larger body size generally results in more control over the internal environment.
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What is the equation for calculating surface area based on length?
What is the equation for calculating surface area based on length?
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The total metabolic rate is a function of __________.
The total metabolic rate is a function of __________.
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Match the following dimensions with their respective values based on a length of 2 cm:
Match the following dimensions with their respective values based on a length of 2 cm:
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Which of the following is a factor influenced by both surface area and volume in physiological functions?
Which of the following is a factor influenced by both surface area and volume in physiological functions?
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Temperature has little impact on physiological functions.
Temperature has little impact on physiological functions.
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What is one physiological function that is impacted by body size?
What is one physiological function that is impacted by body size?
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Who provided the first complete description of the circulatory system?
Who provided the first complete description of the circulatory system?
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Claude Bernard coined the term 'homeostasis'.
Claude Bernard coined the term 'homeostasis'.
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What did Antoine Lavoisier discover about oxygen?
What did Antoine Lavoisier discover about oxygen?
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Walter Cannon coined the term '_________ response'.
Walter Cannon coined the term '_________ response'.
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Match the scientists with their contributions:
Match the scientists with their contributions:
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Which scientist is associated with the Dry Mouth Hypothesis?
Which scientist is associated with the Dry Mouth Hypothesis?
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David Keilen studied the dynamic control of blood pressure in giraffes.
David Keilen studied the dynamic control of blood pressure in giraffes.
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What principle did David Keilen propose for biological research?
What principle did David Keilen propose for biological research?
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The term 'Milieu intérieur' was coined by __________.
The term 'Milieu intérieur' was coined by __________.
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What is a key advantage of sexual reproduction?
What is a key advantage of sexual reproduction?
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Asexual reproduction results in more genetic variation than sexual reproduction.
Asexual reproduction results in more genetic variation than sexual reproduction.
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Name one example of a species that reproduces asexually.
Name one example of a species that reproduces asexually.
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Sexual reproduction can enhance survival by increasing __________ among offspring.
Sexual reproduction can enhance survival by increasing __________ among offspring.
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Match the type of reproduction with its characteristic:
Match the type of reproduction with its characteristic:
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What phenomenon might increase the chance of survival for a species?
What phenomenon might increase the chance of survival for a species?
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Adaptation always results in new phenotypic traits in a species.
Adaptation always results in new phenotypic traits in a species.
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List two advantages of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction.
List two advantages of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction.
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What is primarily indicated by the presence of ~70 B. monosierra nuclei in the choanoflagellate colonies?
What is primarily indicated by the presence of ~70 B. monosierra nuclei in the choanoflagellate colonies?
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All choanoflagellates exclusively reproduce sexually.
All choanoflagellates exclusively reproduce sexually.
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What role do microbiomes play in animal physiology?
What role do microbiomes play in animal physiology?
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Multicellularity allows for more distinct types of ______ and ______.
Multicellularity allows for more distinct types of ______ and ______.
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Match the following features with their respective organism classification:
Match the following features with their respective organism classification:
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Which factor impacts almost every physiological function in organisms?
Which factor impacts almost every physiological function in organisms?
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Define 'phenotypic plasticity'.
Define 'phenotypic plasticity'.
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Increased body size in animals is typically correlated with an increase in the number of cell types.
Increased body size in animals is typically correlated with an increase in the number of cell types.
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Study Notes
Facilitated Study Groups (FSGs) for BIOB34
- FSGs are weekly collaborative learning sessions for students wanting to improve their understanding of challenging course content at UTSC.
- Sessions involve discussing lecture material, developing study strategies, and working through problems in groups to prepare for assignments and tests.
- Shangzhi will lead the FSGs this semester. He previously excelled in the course and was trained as a peer facilitator.
- Shangzhi's role is to help students strengthen their problem-solving abilities, not to teach or provide answers.
- Students will be contacted through UTSC FSG BIOB34 Quercus to schedule sessions.
- Session times will be spread throughout the week to accommodate different schedules.
- Both in-person and online sessions will be recorded.
Module 1: What is an animal? What is animal physiology?
- Animal physiology is the study of how animals work (function).
- A brief history of physiology is presented in the text.
- Animals are considered multicellular eukaryotes.
- Unifying principles/themes of animal study include:
- August Krogh
- Homeostasis and regulation
- Physical, chemical, and electrical laws apply to animals' function.
- Size and temperature impact animal physiology
- Evolutionary history (often) is important in matters of animal body complexity and specialization.
What is animal physiology? (Continued)
- An integrated understanding of how multiple levels of biological organization interact.
- Terminology and definitions are given for origins and other terms (i.e French, Latin, Greek, and English).
- Covers the concept of integrated function of biological systems. A diagram showing the various scales of biological organization is included (e.g., atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs).
Historical Figures in Animal Physiology
- Aristotle (384-322 BCE): emphasized the relationship between structure and function in animal systems and categorized organisms.
- Erasistratus (304-250 BCE): a pioneer in using experimentation
- Galen (129-216 CE): experimented to study the function of various organs and body systems
- Ibn al-Nafis (1213-1288 CE): corrected some errors of Galen's beliefs on the circulatory system.
- William Harvey (1578-1657 CE): provided a complete description of the circulatory system.
- Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794 CE): discovered the role of oxygen in combustion and aerobic metabolism.
- Claude Bernard (1813-1878 CE): coined “internal environment”, and discovered the role of nerves in blood flow regulation.
- Walter Cannon (1871-1945 CE): coined the term "fight or flight response" , and expanded on Bernard's work on maintaining a stable internal environment within the body.
The August Krogh Principle
- For each biological problem, there is an animal in which it can be most conveniently studied.
- Discusses the Bar-headed goose understanding of adaptation to hypoxic (low oxygen) situations.
- Describes the study of giraffe circulatory system.
- Cytochrome C and eventually Krebs cycle are discussed.
Unifying Themes: Homeostasis and Regulation
- Physiological processes are governed by laws of chemistry and physics.
- Exposure to a changing environment (food, pH, temperature, oxygen, toxins/waste products) impacts homeostasis at the single-cell level as well as organisms level with direct interaction processes.
- Defence (maintenance) of cell environment (maintenance of internal stability) occurs in multicellular animals through a variety of mechanisms (homeostasis).
Unifying Themes: Temperature, Body Size
- Larger organisms have more cells, and this is related to size.
- Organisms have greater control over their internal environments.
- Digestion of large meals, controlling of metabolites, ions and temperature are mechanisms animals use.
- Microbiome/symbionts are often crucial aspects of body functioning.
- Size and temperature greatly influence almost all physiological functions in animals
Scaling Relationships
- The relationship between dimensions (length, surface area, volume) of objects and their corresponding values.
- Some aspects of animal function are dependent upon volume, and others upon surface area.
- The relationship between body size or size of any part and various metabolic processes depends crucially upon volume and/or surface area relationships.
Scaling Relationships: A sphere
- Surface area and volume scale differently with size in spherical objects.
- Surface area is proportional to radius squared, while volume is proportional to radius cubed.
- These differences in scaling are important in physiological processes such as heat loss/gain.
Unifying Themes: Complexity and Specialization
- Multicellularity permits divisions of cell types, tissues, organs, and organ systems in animals.
- Levels of complexity and specialization increase across various animal taxa (Porifera sponges, Cnidaria, etc)
- The differences in cell types, tissues, organs, and organ systems among different organisms reflect the diversity and complexity across various animal phyla.
- Cross-feeding and division of labor are crucial concepts in the functioning of animal organism.
Physiological Phenotype
- Phenotype is a product of genotype and environment.
- Phenotype can change due to phenotypic plasticity and ontogenetic changes.
- Acclimation and acclimatization are reversible phenotypic changes in response to environmental cues.
Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction
- Sexual reproduction provides greater genetic variability across generations.
- Asexual reproduction generates genetically identical copies of the parent, and advantageous in stable environments.
Why Comparative Physiology?
- Comparative physiology studies animals to understand how animals deal with diverse environments.
- Comparative physiologists examine species diversity and similarities/differences.
- Evolution shapes adaptations to diverse environments.
Why Comparative Physiology (Continued)
- Comparative physiology plays a key role in advancing veterinary and human medicine.
- It informs conservation efforts.
- Commonalities of physiological design and function are explored in various taxa.
- Comparative physiology leads to novel medical approaches and treatments.
A curious, colonial choanoflagellate
- Choanoflagellates are the closest living relatives to metazoans.
- They are often solitary or found in small, simple colonies.
- Mono Lake, California, is an example of an environment with hypersaline and alkaline conditions populated by choanoflagellates.
- Choanoflagellates show interesting characteristics and/or adaptations to harsh environments and/or adaptations to environmental conditions.
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Description
Test your knowledge on Facilitated Study Groups for BIOB34. This quiz covers key concepts in animal physiology, important figures in the field, and fundamental principles of surface area and metabolic rates. Ensure you're ready for group discussions by reviewing these essential topics.
