Animal Physiology

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of Facilitated Study Groups (FSGs) for BIOB34?

  • To provide answers to exams
  • To discuss personal issues
  • To improve understanding of challenging content (correct)
  • To compete against other students

Shangzhi is responsible for teaching the course content in FSGs.

False (B)

What are the two modes in which FSG sessions will be conducted?

In-person and online

Animal physiology is the study of how animals _____

<p>work</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

<p>Homeostasis = The ability to maintain a stable internal environment Evolutionary History = The significance of an organism's past in its current physiology Size and Temperature = Factors that affect physiological processes Multicellular Eukaryotes = Organisms made up of more than one cell with a nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is considered the father of physiology by some?

<p>Aristotle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Galen was the first to suggest the heart was a pump.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant contribution did Ibn al-Nafis make in physiology?

<p>He correctly described pulmonary circulation and confirmed that the heart is a pump.</p> Signup and view all the answers

___ first identified the function of the cardiac tricuspid valve.

<p>Erasistratus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following figures with their respective contributions:

<p>Aristotle = Classified organisms based on blood Erasistratus = First to suggest the heart was a pump Galen = Conducted systematic experiments Ibn al-Nafis = Corrected Galen's erroneous beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is primarily influenced by surface area?

<p>Respiration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Larger body size generally results in more control over the internal environment.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for calculating surface area based on length?

<p>6 x length^2</p> Signup and view all the answers

The total metabolic rate is a function of __________.

<p>volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following dimensions with their respective values based on a length of 2 cm:

<p>Surface area = 24 cm2 Volume = 8 cm3 Length = 1 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a factor influenced by both surface area and volume in physiological functions?

<p>Heat production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Temperature has little impact on physiological functions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one physiological function that is impacted by body size?

<p>Heat loss to the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who provided the first complete description of the circulatory system?

<p>William Harvey (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Claude Bernard coined the term 'homeostasis'.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Antoine Lavoisier discover about oxygen?

<p>The role of oxygen in combustion and aerobic metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Walter Cannon coined the term '_________ response'.

<p>fight or flight</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the scientists with their contributions:

<p>William Harvey = Circulatory system Antoine Lavoisier = Oxygen in metabolism Claude Bernard = Milieu intérieur Walter Cannon = Homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist is associated with the Dry Mouth Hypothesis?

<p>Claude Bernard (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

David Keilen studied the dynamic control of blood pressure in giraffes.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle did David Keilen propose for biological research?

<p>The August Krogh principle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'Milieu intérieur' was coined by __________.

<p>Claude Bernard</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of sexual reproduction?

<p>It enables greater genetic variation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Asexual reproduction results in more genetic variation than sexual reproduction.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one example of a species that reproduces asexually.

<p>Prussian carp</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sexual reproduction can enhance survival by increasing __________ among offspring.

<p>genetic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of reproduction with its characteristic:

<p>Sexual reproduction = Greater genetic variability Asexual reproduction = Produces clones of individuals Inter-individual genetic variability = Exists in both sexual and asexual reproduction Adaptation = Changes in phenotype over generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon might increase the chance of survival for a species?

<p>Genetic variability among individuals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adaptation always results in new phenotypic traits in a species.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

List two advantages of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction.

<ol> <li>Greater genetic variation, 2. Better adaptation to environmental changes</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily indicated by the presence of ~70 B. monosierra nuclei in the choanoflagellate colonies?

<p>Indication of multicellularity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All choanoflagellates exclusively reproduce sexually.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do microbiomes play in animal physiology?

<p>Microbiomes are important for digestion, metabolite control, and overall physiology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Multicellularity allows for more distinct types of ______ and ______.

<p>cells, tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following features with their respective organism classification:

<p>Porifera = Only a few cell types Homo sapiens = Highly distinct tissues and organ systems Multicellularity = Permits divisions of cell types Phenotypic plasticity = Changes in phenotype due to environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor impacts almost every physiological function in organisms?

<p>Size and temperature (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define 'phenotypic plasticity'.

<p>The ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to environmental conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Increased body size in animals is typically correlated with an increase in the number of cell types.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is animal physiology?

The study of the function of animal organisms, encompassing how they work at all levels of biological organization, including cells, organs, and systems.

Homeostasis

The ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment.

Physical and Chemical Laws

The principles governing the physical and chemical processes within living organisms.

Evolutionary History

The process by which organisms adapt to their environment over generations.

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Krogh's Principle

A unifying principle in physiology stating that for every biological problem, there is an organism perfectly suited to studying that problem.

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Aristotle (384 - 322 BCE)

Ancient Greek philosopher who emphasized the link between structure and function in living organisms.

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Erasistratus (304 - ~250 BCE)

Greek physician and anatomist who applied physical laws to the study of human function.

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Galen (129 - 216 CE)

Roman physician who performed systematic experiments to understand body function.

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Ibn al-Nafis (1213 - 1288 CE)

Syrian-Egyptian physician who corrected some of Galen's erroneous beliefs.

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Pulmonary circulation

The process by which blood is pumped by the heart through the lungs and back to the heart.

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Circulatory System

The continuous movement of blood through the body, powered by the heart's contractions

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William Harvey

He is credited with the first complete description of the circulatory system and the properties of blood.

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Capillaries

Tiny blood vessels that connect arteries to veins, allowing for the exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues

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Hemoglobin

A protein within red blood cells that helps transport oxygen throughout the body

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Fight or Flight Response

The body's physiological response to stress, generally characterized by increased heart rate and adrenaline release

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Arteries

Small blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart

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More cells = Bigger size

The increase in the number of cells within an organism leads to a larger overall size.

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Larger size = Greater control

Larger organisms have a greater ability to control their internal environment, including temperature, metabolism, and ion balance.

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Scaling relationships

The scaling relationship refers to how different aspects of an organism change proportionally with its size. For example, surface area increases at a slower rate than volume as an organism gets larger.

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Metabolic rate and volume

Metabolic rate, the rate at which an organism processes energy, is a function of its volume. Larger organisms have a higher metabolic rate.

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Surface area and functions

Processes like respiration, absorption, and excretion are primarily influenced by surface area. Larger organisms have a smaller surface area-to-volume ratio, impacting these functions.

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Sphere scaling and heat loss

The relationship between a sphere's surface area and its volume is critical in understanding how organisms exchange heat with their environment. A larger sphere has less surface area relative to its volume, affecting heat loss.

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Asexual Reproduction

The process by which offspring are produced from a single parent, resulting in genetically identical copies.

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Sexual Reproduction

The process by which offspring are produced from two parents, combining their genetic material. This creates greater genetic diversity among offspring.

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Genetic Variability

The variation in traits within a population due to differences in their genetic makeup.

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Adaptation

The ability of organisms to adapt to changes in their environment, leading to increased survival rates. This change is often expressed through physical traits.

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Phenotype

The observable characteristics of an organism, including both physical and physiological traits.

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Species

A group of organisms that share similar characteristics and are capable of interbreeding.

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Fit Genotypes

The number of individuals within a population that possess advantageous traits that enhance their chances of survival and reproduction.

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Why Asexual Reproduction?

Asexual reproduction produces genetically identical offspring from a single parent, which might be more advantageous if the environment is stable and predictable.

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Colonial Choanoflagellates

A type of single-celled eukaryote that forms colonies, similar to the earliest multicellular organisms, demonstrating the potential for simple life forms to evolve complex features.

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Microbiome

The close association of bacteria with organisms, which can be essential to the host's function. It plays a critical role in various physiological processes in animals.

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Animal Physiology

The study of how animals function, encompassing the processes that occur at all levels of organization, from cells to organs and systems.

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Phenotypic Plasticity

The change in an organism's phenotype (observable characteristics) in response to a controlled variable, such as temperature or resource availability.

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Ontogenetic Changes

The development of an organism over its lifespan, influenced by genetic programming and environmental factors.

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Acclimatization

Changes in an organism's phenotype in response to natural variations in the environment, like seasonal changes.

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Study Notes

Facilitated Study Groups (FSGs) for BIOB34

  • FSGs are weekly collaborative learning sessions for students wanting to improve their understanding of challenging course content at UTSC.
  • Sessions involve discussing lecture material, developing study strategies, and working through problems in groups to prepare for assignments and tests.
  • Shangzhi will lead the FSGs this semester. He previously excelled in the course and was trained as a peer facilitator.
  • Shangzhi's role is to help students strengthen their problem-solving abilities, not to teach or provide answers.
  • Students will be contacted through UTSC FSG BIOB34 Quercus to schedule sessions.
  • Session times will be spread throughout the week to accommodate different schedules.
  • Both in-person and online sessions will be recorded.

Module 1: What is an animal? What is animal physiology?

  •  Animal physiology is the study of how animals work (function).
  •  A brief history of physiology is presented in the text.
  •  Animals are considered multicellular eukaryotes.
  •  Unifying principles/themes of animal study include:
    • August Krogh
    • Homeostasis and regulation
    • Physical, chemical, and electrical laws apply to animals' function.
    • Size and temperature impact animal physiology
    • Evolutionary history (often) is important in matters of animal body complexity and specialization.

What is animal physiology? (Continued)

  • An integrated understanding of how multiple levels of biological organization interact.
  • Terminology and definitions are given for origins and other terms (i.e French, Latin, Greek, and English).
  • Covers the concept of integrated function of biological systems. A diagram showing the various scales of biological organization is included (e.g., atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs).

Historical Figures in Animal Physiology

  • Aristotle (384-322 BCE): emphasized the relationship between structure and function in animal systems and categorized organisms.
  • Erasistratus (304-250 BCE): a pioneer in using experimentation
  • Galen (129-216 CE): experimented to study the function of various organs and body systems
  • Ibn al-Nafis (1213-1288 CE): corrected some errors of Galen's beliefs on the circulatory system.
  • William Harvey (1578-1657 CE): provided a complete description of the circulatory system.
  • Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794 CE): discovered the role of oxygen in combustion and aerobic metabolism.
  • Claude Bernard (1813-1878 CE): coined “internal environment”, and discovered the role of nerves in blood flow regulation.
  • Walter Cannon (1871-1945 CE): coined the term "fight or flight response" , and expanded on Bernard's work on maintaining a stable internal environment within the body.

The August Krogh Principle

  • For each biological problem, there is an animal in which it can be most conveniently studied.
  • Discusses the Bar-headed goose understanding of adaptation to hypoxic (low oxygen) situations.
  • Describes the study of giraffe circulatory system.
  • Cytochrome C and eventually Krebs cycle are discussed.

Unifying Themes: Homeostasis and Regulation

  • Physiological processes are governed by laws of chemistry and physics.
  • Exposure to a changing environment (food, pH, temperature, oxygen, toxins/waste products) impacts homeostasis at the single-cell level as well as organisms level with direct interaction processes.
  • Defence (maintenance) of cell environment (maintenance of internal stability) occurs in multicellular animals through a variety of mechanisms (homeostasis).

Unifying Themes: Temperature, Body Size

  • Larger organisms have more cells, and this is related to size.
  • Organisms have greater control over their internal environments.
  • Digestion of large meals, controlling of metabolites, ions and temperature are mechanisms animals use.
  • Microbiome/symbionts are often crucial aspects of body functioning.
  • Size and temperature greatly influence almost all physiological functions in animals

Scaling Relationships

  • The relationship between dimensions (length, surface area, volume) of objects and their corresponding values.
  • Some aspects of animal function are dependent upon volume, and others upon surface area.
  • The relationship between body size or size of any part and various metabolic processes depends crucially upon volume and/or surface area relationships.

Scaling Relationships: A sphere

  • Surface area and volume scale differently with size in spherical objects.
  • Surface area is proportional to radius squared, while volume is proportional to radius cubed.
  • These differences in scaling are important in physiological processes such as heat loss/gain.

Unifying Themes: Complexity and Specialization

  • Multicellularity permits divisions of cell types, tissues, organs, and organ systems in animals.
  • Levels of complexity and specialization increase across various animal taxa (Porifera sponges, Cnidaria, etc)
  • The differences in cell types, tissues, organs, and organ systems among different organisms reflect the diversity and complexity across various animal phyla.
  • Cross-feeding and division of labor are crucial concepts in the functioning of animal organism.

Physiological Phenotype

  • Phenotype is a product of genotype and environment.
  • Phenotype can change due to phenotypic plasticity and ontogenetic changes.
  • Acclimation and acclimatization are reversible phenotypic changes in response to environmental cues.

Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction

  • Sexual reproduction provides greater genetic variability across generations.
  • Asexual reproduction generates genetically identical copies of the parent, and advantageous in stable environments.

Why Comparative Physiology?

  • Comparative physiology studies animals to understand how animals deal with diverse environments.
  • Comparative physiologists examine species diversity and similarities/differences.
  • Evolution shapes adaptations to diverse environments.

Why Comparative Physiology (Continued)

  • Comparative physiology plays a key role in advancing veterinary and human medicine.
  • It informs conservation efforts.
  • Commonalities of physiological design and function are explored in various taxa.
  • Comparative physiology leads to novel medical approaches and treatments.

A curious, colonial choanoflagellate

  • Choanoflagellates are the closest living relatives to metazoans.
  • They are often solitary or found in small, simple colonies.
  • Mono Lake, California, is an example of an environment with hypersaline and alkaline conditions populated by choanoflagellates.
  • Choanoflagellates show interesting characteristics and/or adaptations to harsh environments and/or adaptations to environmental conditions.

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