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Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of the science of nutrition?
Which component of nutrition is primarily responsible for energy supply in cattle?
How do vitamins function in the body according to nutritional science?
What role do nutrients play in the body's structure?
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Which nutrient is NOT typically categorized as providing energy reserves?
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Which nutrient is primarily used as a source of energy and can be metabolized into fat for storage?
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What is the ideal calcium to phosphorus ratio in livestock diets?
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Which of the following is an essential nutrient involved in regulating metabolic processes?
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What role does water play in animal nutrition?
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Which of the following is considered a micromineral required by animals?
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Which type of amino acids must be supplied through the diet?
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What is the primary function of carbohydrates in livestock nutrition?
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Excessive protein allowance in livestock diets should not exceed what percentage?
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Which term describes the transfer of substances from the gastrointestinal tract to the circulatory system?
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Which feed component is particularly rich in protein and is considered expensive to include in diets?
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Study Notes
Nutrition
- Nutrition is the science of feeds, their nutritional composition, how animals digest and metabolize nutrients for optimal performance.
- Nutrients are used for building body structures, providing energy, controlling body functions, and milk production.
Food Sources for Basic Nutrients
- Energy: Cassava, Corn Bran, Corn Grit, Molasses, Oil, Rice Bran, Sorghum, Tallow
- Protein: Blood Meal, Copra Meal, Corn Gluten, Fish Meal, Hydrolyzed Feather Meal, Ipil-ipil Meal, Meat and Bone Meal, Soybean Oil Meal, Pollard
- Minerals: Ground Limestone, Oyster Shell, Salt, Steamed Bone Meal, Dicaphos Tricaphos
Feed Nutrients
- Carbohydrates (CHO): Monosaccharide, Disaccharide, Polysaccharide
- Water: Essential for digestion, nutrient transport, and temperature regulation.
- Fats: Saturated and Unsaturated fats.
- Minerals: Macrominerals and Microminerals.
- Proteins: Essential Amino Acids and Non-Essential Amino Acids.
- Vitamins: Fat-soluble and Water-soluble vitamins.
General Nutrient Uses
- Energy: Source of energy for the body.
- Synthesis: Used to create new tissues.
- Repair: Used for repairing old tissues.
Nutrient Groups and Their Functions
- Water: Solvent, nutrient transport, waste excretion, temperature regulation, joint lubrication, cerebrospinal fluid component.
- Lipids: Concentrated energy source, provide essential fatty acids, transport fat-soluble vitamins, provide heat insulation and protection, structural component of tissues (brain and liver).
- Carbohydrates: Metabolized for energy, converted into glycogen (animal starch), stored as energy.
- Vitamins: Organic nutrients regulating metabolic processes, prevent deficiency symptoms (e.g., Thiamine deficiency causes beri-beri, Vitamin C deficiency causes scurvy, Vitamin D deficiency causes rickets etc.)
- Proteins: Most expensive nutrient in animal diets, build body structures (collagen, elastin, keratin), essential for metabolism (hormones, enzymes), excess protein is used as energy.
- Minerals: Inorganic nutrients, classified as Macrominerals (Ca, P, Na, Cl, K, Mg, S) and Microminerals (Co, Fe, I, Cu, Mn, Mo, Se, Zn, Ni, Cr).
Basic Nutrient Requirements
- Nutritive Allowance: Should be no less than 3% below the minimum requirement.
- Protein Allowance: 5-10% excess is acceptable if protein feeds are affordable.
- Carotene: Large excess is not harmful.
- Energy Allowance: Should not exceed 5% of the requirement.
- Ca:P Ratio: 1:1 or 2:1
- Vitamin A: Should be evaluated as needed.
- Dry Matter Requirement: Should not exceed 3% in full-fed animals.
Beef Cattle Mineral Requirements
- Salt: 0.25-0.50% of the diet or 0.005 – 0.01% of the animal’s body weight.
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Calcium (Ca) & Phosphorus (P) by Stage:
- Growing: 0.24-0.54% Ca, 0.20-0.39% P.
- Pregnant: 0.15% Ca, 0.15% P.
- Lactating: 0.26% Ca, 0.21% P.
Other Beef Cattle Mineral Requirements
- Cobalt (Co): 0.05-0.10 mg/kg feed.
- Copper (Cu): 4-5 mg/kg diet, 12-30 mg/kg body weight/day.
- Magnesium (Mg): 0.6-0.8%.
- Potassium (K): 0.1% of the diet.
- Sulfur (S): 80mg/kg of the diet.
- Iron (Fe): 0.2mg/kg air dry diet.
- Iodine (I): Requirement should be evaluated based on the animal’s needs.
Basic Terminologies Related to Animal Nutrition
- Prehension: Taking in of feed or water.
- Mastication: Reducing feed particle size, generally by chewing.
- Deglutition: Act of swallowing.
- Regurgitation: Casting up of undigested material.
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Digestion: Breakdown of feed particles into products that can be absorbed. Includes:
- Mechanical forces
- Chemical action
- Enzymatic activity
- Absorption: Transfer of substances from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) to the circulating blood or lymph system.
- Anabolism: Growth or building process.
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Description
Explore the essentials of animal nutrition, including the science behind nutrient composition and digestion. This quiz covers key food sources for proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and minerals crucial for optimal animal performance.
