Animal Biotechnology - Unit I (Part 1)
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Questions and Answers

What is the most common dinucleotide motif in mammals?

  • (GA)n
  • (CG)n
  • (AT)n
  • (CA)n (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a term used to describe microsatellite loci?

  • Short tandem repeats (STR's)
  • Variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) (correct)
  • Simple sequence repeats (SSR's)
  • Simple sequence tandem repeats (SSTR)

    • What is the primary function of RAPD technology?

  • To randomly amplify unknown loci of nuclear DNA (correct)
  • To identify specific gene sequences
  • To detect and diagnose genetic diseases
  • To create genetic linkage maps

    • How does RAPD technology differ from traditional PCR techniques?

    <p>RAPD amplifies DNA randomly, while traditional PCR amplifies specific sequences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between microsatellites and VNTRs?

    <p>Microsatellites are a type of VNTR, but VNTRs are not always microsatellites. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following BEST describes the concept of speciation?

    <p>The emergence of new species through the isolation of populations, leading to genetic divergence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the text, what is the primary characteristic that defines a species?

    <p>The ability of individuals to reproduce fertile offspring. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of animal biotechnology as described in the text?

    <p>To enhance animal productivity and improve the quality of animal products. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following examples BEST illustrates the application of transgenic technology in animal biotechnology?

    <p>Transferring genes from one species to another to introduce new traits. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of a breed as defined in the text?

    <p>The ability to evolve independently from other breeds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the examples provided, what is the key difference between exotic and indigenous breeds?

    <p>Exotic breeds are introduced from other regions, while indigenous breeds are native to a particular area. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely reason for the lack of gene flow between different species?

    <p>The inability of individuals from different species to produce fertile offspring. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of animal breeding, what does 'narrowing the genetic base' refer to?

    <p>Decreasing the number of unique genes within a population. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of inbreeding?

    <p>Enhanced reproductive capabilities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of line breeding?

    <p>To concentrate specific desirable traits from a common ancestor. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between close breeding and line breeding?

    <p>Close breeding involves animals with multiple common ancestors, while line breeding involves animals with one common ancestor. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of close breeding?

    <p>A father and his daughter. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of crossbreeding?

    <p>To utilize complementary traits from different breeds for economic benefit. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the production advantage observed in crossbred offspring?

    <p>Hybrid vigor. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios is MOST likely to result in hybrid vigor?

    <p>Mating individuals from different breeds with complementary traits. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the MAIN advantage of heterosis in crossbreeding?

    <p>Higher productivity and economic benefits. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a direct consequence of increased heterozygosity in outbreeding?

    <p>Enhanced genetic diversity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the principle of grading up in animal breeding?

    <p>Continuously introducing purebred sires of a desired breed into a herd of mixed ancestry to gradually increase the genetic contribution of the desired breed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a grading up program, what is the expected percentage of the improved breed's genes in the offspring after the 5th generation?

    <p>93.75% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant advantage of utilizing composite breeds in animal production?

    <p>Simplified management practices, requiring less specialized knowledge for different breeds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of quantitative trait loci (QTL)?

    <p>They typically affect traits that are influenced by multiple genes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant difference between composite breeding and grading up?

    <p>Composite breeding utilizes both male and female animals from different breeds, while grading up only uses purebred sires. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the degree of heterosis differ between composite and rotational crossbreeding programs?

    <p>Rotational breeding creates higher heterosis compared to composite breeding. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential disadvantage of composite breeding?

    <p>Difficulty in maintaining a balanced genetic contribution from all breeds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chromosome mapping in animal breeding?

    <p>Understanding the genetic basis for complex traits. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are quantitative traits different from qualitative traits?

    <p>Quantitative traits are influenced by both genes and environment, while qualitative traits are primarily determined by genes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify a potential concern associated with the use of QTL information in animal breeding.

    <p>Ethical concerns regarding the manipulation of animal traits. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the primary goal of animal breeding practices?

    <p>To enhance specific desirable traits in animals to better serve human needs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the success of selective breeding programs?

    <p>The presence of sufficient genetic variation within the population. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of continuous selective breeding on a population?

    <p>Increased susceptibility to diseases and reduced reproductive fitness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a reason why breeding stock should be carefully selected?

    <p>To ensure the availability of a large pool of animals for experimentation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between natural mating and artificial insemination in animal breeding?

    <p>Artificial insemination allows for targeted breeding with selected males. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential drawback of purebred breeding?

    <p>It can lead to a decrease in the overall health and vigor of a breed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential to understand both genetics and environmental factors in animal breeding?

    <p>To maximize the potential of breeding animals based on their genetic and environmental influences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of breed registries in animal breeding?

    <p>To track the genetic lineage and characteristics of animals within a breed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    RAPD

    Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA is a technique for amplifying unknown nuclear DNA loci using short oligo-primers.

    Oligo-primers

    Short sequences (8-10 base pairs) used in RAPD to amplify specific regions of DNA during PCR.

    Microsatellites

    Short, repeating sequences (2-6 nucleotides) found throughout the genome, highly polymorphic and abundant.

    Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

    A technique used to separate DNA fragments based on their size after amplification in RAPD.

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    Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTRs)

    Includes microsatellites and minisatellites; areas of the genome with repeating units that can vary in number.

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    Composite Breeds

    Breeds formed from initial crosses that have similar management needs as straight breeding.

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    Heterosis

    The increase in performance seen in crossbred animals compared to their parents.

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    Rotational Crossbreeding

    A breeding program where different breeds are rotated to maximize genetic diversity and heterosis.

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    Grading Up

    A breeding method where indigenous animals are mated with pure breeds for several generations to improve traits.

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    Genetic Composition Change

    The evolution of genetic traits over generations in a breeding program.

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    QTL (Quantitative Trait Loci)

    Regions in the genome that influence quantitative traits like milk production.

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    Traits Affected by Environment

    Characteristics controlled by genes that can also be influenced by environmental factors.

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    Genetic Segregation

    The process by which different genes separate during gamete formation, following Mendel's Laws.

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    Multiple Gene Control

    Many genes contribute to a single trait, affecting its expression and variation.

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    Allelic Variations

    Differences in gene variants that contribute to the diversity of traits in a population.

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    Inbreeding

    Mating of related animals that narrows genetic diversity.

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    Close Breeding

    Breeding animals that are very closely related with multiple common ancestors.

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    Line Breeding

    Mating animals that are distantly related but share one common ancestor.

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    Disadvantages of Inbreeding

    Increased inbreeding leads to lower fertility, slower growth, and higher disease risk.

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    Out Breeding

    Breeding of unrelated animals that increases genetic diversity.

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    Cross Breeding

    Mating animals from two different breeds to create hybrids.

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    Hybrid Vigor

    Production advantage from crossing genetically diverse breeds.

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    Objectives of Cross Breeding

    Utilize desirable traits and improve progeny for specific markets.

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    Two Breed Cross

    System producing F1 progeny by crossing two different breeds.

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    Animal Breeding

    A branch of animal science that evaluates livestock genetics to improve desirable traits.

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    Breeding Stock

    A group of animals selected for planned breeding to produce desired traits.

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    Environmental Factors

    Conditions that affect animal performance such as feed, care, and weather.

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    Sources of Variation

    The two main sources affecting breeding progress: genetics and environment.

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    Homozygosity

    A state resulting from continuous breeding that leads to reduced genetic variability.

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    Purebred Breeding

    Mating animals of the same breed to stabilize traits for future generations.

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    Natural Mating

    The traditional way animals mate without human intervention.

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    Artificial Insemination (AI)

    A technique where semen is collected and directly introduced into a female.

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    Genetic Variation

    Differences in genes that are essential for breeding success and improvements.

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    Animal Biotechnology

    Application of science to produce goods from animals.

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    Transgenic Technology

    Modifying organisms to carry genes from other species.

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    Breed

    Group of domestic animals with distinct characteristics.

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    Species

    Basic unit of classification; can interbreed to produce offspring.

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    Speciation

    Emergence of new species through isolation.

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    Gene Flow

    Exchange of genes between individuals of the same species.

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    Embryo Transfer Technique

    Moving embryos from one organism to another for breeding.

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    Study Notes

    Animal Biotechnology - Unit I (Part 1)

    • Animal biotechnology applies scientific and engineering principles to animal-derived materials for human goods and services.
    • This includes livestock, poultry, fish, insects, companion animals, and laboratory animals.

    Applications of Animal Biotechnology

    • Transgenic technology
    • Gene knockout technology
    • Molecular genetics
    • Embryo transfer technique
    • In vitro embryo production
    • Modern vaccines
    • Molecular diagnostics
    • Nutritional biotechnology

    What is a Breed?

    • A breed is a group of domesticated animals with a homogenous phenotype, behavior, and other characteristics that distinguish it from other organisms of the same species.
    • Breeds are created through selective breeding.
    • Each breed exhibits unique appearance and behavior compared to other breeds of the same species.

    Examples of Cattle & Sheep Breeds

    • Cattle: Angus, Australian Charbray, Chianiana, Ankole, Jersey, Boer
    • Sheep: Tharparkar, Red Sindhi, Sahiwal, Gir, Ongole, Kangeyam, Vechur, Thalichery

    Examples of Dog & Poultry Breeds

    • Dogs: Kombai, Rajapalayam, Kaikadi, Gaddi kuta, German shepherd, Golden Retriever, Boxer, Great Dane
    • Poultry: Aseel, Chittagong, Kadaknath, Busra, Brahma, Java, Leghorn, Styrian, Red cap

    What is a Species?

    • A species is the basic unit of classification and biodiversity, representing the largest group of organisms where any two individuals of appropriate sexes can produce fertile offspring through sexual reproduction.
    • Gene flow (exchange of genes) is characteristic of a species and does not occur between different species.
    • Speciation is the emergence of new species from existing ones due to physical, behavioral, and reproductive isolation of populations.

    Animal Breeding

    • Animal breeding is the evaluation of livestock genetic value through various methods.
    • Breeding aims to improve desirable qualities like growth rate, egg production, meat/milk/wool production, and other traits that suit human needs.

    Breeding Stock

    • Breeding stock is a group of animals used for planned breeding to obtain valuable traits in purebred animals.
    • Factors like soundness, milk production, and reproduction efficiency are essential characteristics when breeding livestock for milk production.
    • Environmental factors also play a significant role in breeding, affecting animal performance.

    Breeding and Variation

    • Variation comes from genetics and the environment.
    • Continuous selective breeding leads to homozygosity, reducing variability.
    • Environmental factors (diet, care, weather) significantly impact animal growth, reproduction, and productivity.
    • Only about 30% of milk production variation in dairy cattle is due to genetic factors; the rest is influenced by environmental factors.

    Purebred Breeding

    • Purebred breeding involves mating animals of the same breed to maintain the breed's characteristics.
    • The aim is to pass stable traits to the next generation.
    • Purebred animals are recorded with a breed registry, which maintains pedigrees.

    Methods of Breeding

    • Natural mating: involves mating animals through natural means.
    • Artificial insemination (AI): involves collecting semen from the male and introducing it into the female reproductive system artificially.

    Inbreeding

    • Inbreeding involves mating related animals, narrowing the genetic base.
    • Inbreeding concentrates desirable traits but can be detrimental in domestic animals.

    Types of Inbreeding

    • Close breeding: mating very closely related animals (e.g., sire to daughter, brother to sister).
    • Line breeding: mating animals more distantly related, yet tracing back to the same ancestor (e.g., cousins, half-brother to half-sister).

    Disadvantages of Inbreeding

    • Increased inbreeding leads to reduced fertility, slower growth rates, greater susceptibility to diseases, and higher mortality rates.

    Outbreeding

    • Outbreeding involves mating unrelated animals, increasing heterozygosity.
    • Crossbreeding: mating animals from two different breeds with complementary traits to enhance offspring value (hybrid vigor/heterosis).
    • Crossbreeding is mainly used by commercial animal producers.

    Objectives of Crossbreeding

    • Utilizing desirable traits of different breeds.
    • Producing offspring better suited to target markets while maintaining environmental adaptability.
    • Improving productivity faster in traits where breed-specific changes are slow.
    • Taking advantage of increased production through heterosis or hybrid vigor.

    Advantage of Heterosis

    • Heterosis (hybrid vigor) is the production advantage achieved from crossing genetically diverse breeds or strains.
    • The new genetic combinations often lead to better production levels than either parent breed.

    Cross Breeding (Two-breed cross)

    • This system produces F1 (first-generation crossbred) progeny, often sold for slaughter or breeding purposes.
    • Useful when females are well adapted to a given environment.
    • Crossing them with sires of another breed leads to heterosis (increased growth, improved carcasses, feed efficiency, and vigor).

    Backcross

    • F1 crossbred females are mated with males from one of the original parental breeds to yield improved traits like fertility, milking ability, and maternal traits.
    • Useful for upgrading or changing breeds without relying on purebred animals.

    Three-breed cross

    • Three unrelated breeds are involved.
    • This cross takes advantage of maternal and individual heterosis and the complementarities of three breeds.
    • This often results in greater productivity improvements but depends on the quality of purebred breeding stock.

    Rotational Cross

    • Crossbreeding involving mating males from two or more breeds to crossbred females over several years.
    • Each breed contributes to the offspring, balancing strengths and weaknesses.
    • The heterosis effect is close to the maximum achieved when crossing purebreds.

    Composite Breeding

    • Creating a new breed by crossing two or more existing breeds to combine desirable traits.
    • After initial crosses, the management becomes similar to straight breeding using the desirable traits.
    • The heterosis percentage rises as more breeds are introduced into mating programs, but can drop below those seen in simple breeding cases.

    Grading Up

    • Gradually improving the quality of an existing breed by mating animals from a purebred improved breed to indigenous breed.
    • The process is done over several generations to obtain superior traits from the improved breed.
    • Continuous use of purebreed sires in a grade herd eventually results in the graded animals reaching purebred levels.

    Chromosome Mapping & Identification of Economically Important Genes in Farm Animals

    • Identifying genes linked to economically important traits, using mapping, allows for efficient selection.

    Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL)

    • QTL are regions of the genome associated with quantitative traits.
    • These can arise from a single gene, or clusters of linked genes.
    • Quantitative traits are often controlled by multiple genes, and the environment.

    Salient Features of QTL

    • Quantitative traits controlled by multiple segregating genes.
    • These traits can vary depending on the environment.
    • Each allelic variation is fully functional.
    • Individual gene effects may be small and include dominant/co-dominance.
    • Genes involved can be subject to epistasis or pleiotropic effect

    Aim of QTL Mapping

    • Finding the genomic location affecting trait.
    • Analyzing the QTL effect on trait.
    • Verifying the trait cause is a specific DNA region.
    • Recognizing gene action (additive or dominant) for the QTL.
    • Identifying the allele associated with favorable effects.

    Genetic Marker

    • A marker helps evaluate observed phenotype variability based on observable/assayable phenotype and the underlying genetic basis.
    • Markers can be categorized based on trait type (morphological, biochemical, or DNA), and the level of analysis (molecular).

    Ideal DNA Markers

    • High polymorphism and even genome distribution.
    • Clear allelic features with single-copy traits and reduced pleiotropic effects.
    • Cost-effective development and genotyping, easy detection, and automation.
    • Highly available to use with various applications, with genome-specificity, particularly helpful where polyploidy is present.

    Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS)

    • MAS is used for indirect selection of superior animals based on identifying associations with genetic markers.
    • Genetic markers' proximity to QTL influences their effectiveness in trait identification.
    • Use of linked markers leads to increased success in selection.

    Objectives of MAS

    • Detect genetic defects (e.g., BLAD).
    • Analyze traits related to single-gene factors (e.g., coat colour).
    • Examine multigenic traits or quantitative traits (e.g., milk production)

    Identification Traits Using MAS

    • Growth performance
    • Milk production
    • Maternal ability
    • Carcass quantity and quality
    • Fertility
    • Reproductive efficiency
    • Genetic defects

    Bovine Genome

    • The cattle genome has 30 pairs of chromosomes.
    • The human and cattle genomes share 83% of their identity.
    • Certain chromosomes are connected to distinct livestock traits.

    Applications of marker-assisted selection

    • Disease resistance.
    • Product quality.
    • Improved longevity.
    • Feather pecking traits.
    • Stress resistance.
    • Desired behavior.

    Classifications of Molecular Markers

    • PCR-based: including RAPD, AFLP, random amplified DNA markers (RAPD) simple sequence repeats, or microsatellites (STR's)
    • DNA chip and sequencing based: (SNP's)

    Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP)

    • RFLP is a DNA marker technique involving restriction enzyme digestion, electrophoresis, hybridization, and autoradiography.
    • Variations in the length of DNA fragments reveal SNPs, indicating differences in the DNA structure.

    Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)

    • RAPD is a PCR-based technique using random primers and electrophoresis, creating fingerprints of the detected DNA segments associated with traits.

    Microsatellite/Single Sequence Repeats (SSR)

    • SSRs are repeating sequences of DNA in non-coding genome regions. They are highly polymorphic, useful to locate traits.
    • The number and frequency of repeats distinguish individual differences and species.

    Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP)

    • AFLP is a PCR-based technique.
    • Using specific adaptors linked to primers, it amplifies DNA sequences and creates fingerprints of genomic regions related to traits under analysis.

    Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)

    • SNPs are variations in a single nucleotide of DNA, highly frequent in genomes.
    • SNPs have diverse applications in animal breeding, providing markers for understanding genetic variation within and between populations.

    DNA Fingerprinting

    • DNA fingerprinting is a technique that identifies individuals through unique DNA patterns.
    • It diagnoses parentage, helps in identifying blood cell chimeras, and investigates population phylogeny and genetic structure..

    Additional Notes

    • The control of inbred lines and genetic relationships is being realized through DNA fingerprints, specifically in poultry where highly discriminating oligonucleotides are utilized.
    • The controlled environment, selection of breeds, and related methods offer potential improvements in animal breeding techniques.

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