29 Questions
What could be a symptom of significant narrowing of a heart valve orifice?
Turbulent backflow into the left atrium
What is a common method used to assess valvular stenosis?
Measuring the pressure gradient across the valve
Which valves in the heart are most commonly replaced with artificial valves?
Mitral and aortic valves
What type of design were early artificial heart valves made of?
Caged ball or tilting disk
How does valve prolapse affect the movement of a mitral valve leaflet during systole?
It displaces the leaflet into the left atrium
What is a common method to identify turbulent backflow in the heart?
Listening through a stethoscope
What is the recommended size for surgical intervention to prevent rupture of an AA?
5 cm
In traditional surgical repair of an aortic aneurysm, what is used to reconstruct the aorta?
Synthetic graft
What procedure involves deploying grafts in a minimally invasive manner using cardiac catheterization?
EVAR
What is used to guide and deliver a stent-graft to the site of an aneurysm in endovascular aneurysm repair?
Catheter
How does the stent-graft act once it reaches the site of the aneurysm?
It expands and attaches to the wall of the aorta.
What is plaque made up of that builds up on the inside of artery walls?
Cholesterol deposits
What is used during angioplasty to open blocked vessels and restore proper blood flow?
Balloon Catheter
Why is a stent placed at the site of narrowing or blockage during angioplasty?
To keep the artery open and prevent re-narrowing
What is an aneurysm?
A localized dilatation due to a weakened arterial wall
What is thinner in the aortic media compared to a normal aorta?
The aortic media itself
Why do patients who've had a stent procedure need to take blood thinning agents?
"To reduce the risk of a blood clot developing in the stent and blocking the artery"
What is the primary advantage of the caged ball valve design?
It is strong and durable
What is the major disadvantage of the caged ball valve design?
It closes with considerable force that can cause hemolysis and thrombosis
What was the primary purpose of creating the tilting disc valve?
To restore the central blood flow that was lost with the ball valve design
What is a key feature of the tilting disc valve design?
It has a single circular disc restrained by metal struts and a ring
What is a major improvement of the tilting disc valve design over the ball valve design?
The angular opening reduces damage to blood cells
What is the primary disadvantage of the tilting disc valve design?
The struts tend to fatigue and fracture over long periods of time
What is the typical opening angle for bileaflet prosthetic heart valves?
80°
What materials are commonly used for the annular ring in prosthetic heart valves?
Titanium and stainless steel
Which property is desirable for prosthetic heart valve leaflets?
Strength and durability
What is the typical expected life span of a prosthetic heart valve?
30-40 years
What technique is used to evaluate the orifice diameter of the patient before valve implantation?
Echography
What is the next improvement in heart valve design mentioned in the text?
Transcatheter heart valves
Test your knowledge on angioplasty, a procedure to open blocked arteries using a balloon catheter. Learn about the use of stents in maintaining proper blood flow and preventing further blockages. Explore the role of sedation in preventing blood clot formation during angioplasty.
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