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Questions and Answers
Why are organic nitrates/nitrites administered to patients experiencing angina?
Why are organic nitrates/nitrites administered to patients experiencing angina?
- To dilate arteries and veins, improving blood flow (correct)
- To decrease myocardial contractility
- To obstruct blood flow in coronary arteries
- To increase oxygen demand of the myocardium
What is the primary mechanism by which Calcium channel blockers alleviate angina symptoms?
What is the primary mechanism by which Calcium channel blockers alleviate angina symptoms?
- By promoting vasoconstriction
- By blocking calcium entry into cells (correct)
- By increasing heart rate
- By increasing calcium entry into cells
What is the most immediate effect of myocardial ischemia on the heart?
What is the most immediate effect of myocardial ischemia on the heart?
- Increased oxygen supply to the myocardium
- Hypoxia of the myocardium (correct)
- Relief of angina symptoms
- Decreased blood flow to the myocardium
Which of the following is a direct effect of vasodilation caused by certain anti-anginal medications?
Which of the following is a direct effect of vasodilation caused by certain anti-anginal medications?
What is the primary goal of treatments for angina pectoris?
What is the primary goal of treatments for angina pectoris?
What is the potential consequence of untreated or poorly managed angina pectoris?
What is the potential consequence of untreated or poorly managed angina pectoris?
In the context of angina treatment, what is the purpose of prophylaxis?
In the context of angina treatment, what is the purpose of prophylaxis?
Which factor contribute to the development of angina?
Which factor contribute to the development of angina?
What describes the mechanism by which nitrates alleviate angina symptoms?
What describes the mechanism by which nitrates alleviate angina symptoms?
How do calcium channel blockers affect the conduction velocity in the AV node?
How do calcium channel blockers affect the conduction velocity in the AV node?
Which category of medication is used both for acute attacks of angina and for prophylaxis?
Which category of medication is used both for acute attacks of angina and for prophylaxis?
What is a common symptom of angina pectoris?
What is a common symptom of angina pectoris?
How would blocking calcium entry into cells affect myocardial force generation?
How would blocking calcium entry into cells affect myocardial force generation?
If a patient is experiencing angina symptoms, what is the expected physiological effect of administering organic nitrates?
If a patient is experiencing angina symptoms, what is the expected physiological effect of administering organic nitrates?
In the context of treating angina, what is the primary effect of vasodilating coronary arteries?
In the context of treating angina, what is the primary effect of vasodilating coronary arteries?
Which of the following is an expected outcome of calcium channel blockers on vascular smooth muscle?
Which of the following is an expected outcome of calcium channel blockers on vascular smooth muscle?
In the context of angina, what describes the relationship between oxygen supply, oxygen demand, and myocardial ischemia?
In the context of angina, what describes the relationship between oxygen supply, oxygen demand, and myocardial ischemia?
What is the impact of calcium channel blockers on heart rate?
What is the impact of calcium channel blockers on heart rate?
For a patient experiencing angina pectoris, which medication would directly address vascular smooth muscle relaxation to alleviate symptoms?
For a patient experiencing angina pectoris, which medication would directly address vascular smooth muscle relaxation to alleviate symptoms?
The presence of chest pain that accompanies angina is most directly caused by what?
The presence of chest pain that accompanies angina is most directly caused by what?
A patient with angina is prescribed a beta-blocker. What is the primary mechanism by which this medication reduces the frequency of angina attacks?
A patient with angina is prescribed a beta-blocker. What is the primary mechanism by which this medication reduces the frequency of angina attacks?
How does ranolazine improve symptoms in patients with angina?
How does ranolazine improve symptoms in patients with angina?
Nicorandil is prescribed for a patient with angina. What is its mechanism of action?
Nicorandil is prescribed for a patient with angina. What is its mechanism of action?
What is a potential cardiac effect of cocaine use?
What is a potential cardiac effect of cocaine use?
Why might combining cocaine and ethanol be more cardiotoxic than cocaine alone?
Why might combining cocaine and ethanol be more cardiotoxic than cocaine alone?
How does cocaine-induced vasoconstriction contribute to myocardial ischemia?
How does cocaine-induced vasoconstriction contribute to myocardial ischemia?
What is the direct effect of beta-blockers on heart rate?
What is the direct effect of beta-blockers on heart rate?
A patient with angina and a history of cocaine use is at higher risk for myocardial infarction. Which of the following best explains this increased risk?
A patient with angina and a history of cocaine use is at higher risk for myocardial infarction. Which of the following best explains this increased risk?
How do beta-blockers help in reducing the frequency of angina attacks?
How do beta-blockers help in reducing the frequency of angina attacks?
In what scenario are beta-blockers typically used as a first-line treatment?
In what scenario are beta-blockers typically used as a first-line treatment?
What is the main purpose of beta-blockers blocking beta-adrenergic receptors?
What is the main purpose of beta-blockers blocking beta-adrenergic receptors?
Which of the following is a key effect of cocaine on the cardiovascular system that directly increases the risk of myocardial ischemia?
Which of the following is a key effect of cocaine on the cardiovascular system that directly increases the risk of myocardial ischemia?
How does combining cocaine use with ethanol consumption affect cardiovascular risk compared to cocaine use alone?
How does combining cocaine use with ethanol consumption affect cardiovascular risk compared to cocaine use alone?
What is the significance of Nicorandil being a 'K⁺ channel opener' in the context of angina treatment?
What is the significance of Nicorandil being a 'K⁺ channel opener' in the context of angina treatment?
What effect does cocaine have on sodium channels in the heart, and what is the consequence of this effect?
What effect does cocaine have on sodium channels in the heart, and what is the consequence of this effect?
How might thrombosis exacerbate angina symptoms?
How might thrombosis exacerbate angina symptoms?
What is the primary mechanism by which beta-blockers are an effective first-line treatment for angina?
What is the primary mechanism by which beta-blockers are an effective first-line treatment for angina?
What is the potential outcome of myocardial oxygen demand exceeding myocardial oxygen supply?
What is the potential outcome of myocardial oxygen demand exceeding myocardial oxygen supply?
How does Ranolazine reduce myocardial oxygen demand?
How does Ranolazine reduce myocardial oxygen demand?
Aside from cocaine, what other factor listed increases the risk of arrhythmias?
Aside from cocaine, what other factor listed increases the risk of arrhythmias?
Flashcards
Organic nitrates/nitrites
Organic nitrates/nitrites
Organic nitrates/nitrites are used for acute attacks and prophylaxis of angina.
Action to improve coronary blood flow
Action to improve coronary blood flow
To dilate arteries and veins, increasing blood flow in the coronary arteries.
Effect of improving coronary arteries
Effect of improving coronary arteries
Improving blood flow to the myocardium.
Desired outcome in treating Angina
Desired outcome in treating Angina
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Ca2+ channel blockers action
Ca2+ channel blockers action
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Treatment Goals for Angina
Treatment Goals for Angina
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Main causes of Angina
Main causes of Angina
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Effects of Ca2+ channel blockers
Effects of Ca2+ channel blockers
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Primary effect of some medications
Primary effect of some medications
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Cardiac effects of some medications
Cardiac effects of some medications
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Effect on AV node conduction
Effect on AV node conduction
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What is caused by artery obstruction
What is caused by artery obstruction
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Chest pain
Chest pain
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Beta-blockers
Beta-blockers
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Effect of Beta-blockers on HR
Effect of Beta-blockers on HR
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Ranolazine
Ranolazine
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Nicorandil
Nicorandil
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Cocaine's Cardiac Effect
Cocaine's Cardiac Effect
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Cocaine's Hemodynamic Effects
Cocaine's Hemodynamic Effects
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Cocaine & Oxygen Supply
Cocaine & Oxygen Supply
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Thrombosis lead to?
Thrombosis lead to?
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Cocaine & Sodium Channels
Cocaine & Sodium Channels
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Cocaine + Ethanol
Cocaine + Ethanol
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Cocaine & Alcohol Combined Effects
Cocaine & Alcohol Combined Effects
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Cocaine & Alcohol Synergistic Effect.
Cocaine & Alcohol Synergistic Effect.
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Study Notes
- Beta-blockers:
- Block beta-adrenergic receptors, blocking the effects of epinephrine
- Slow heart rate
- Reduce oxygen demand of the heart and reduce the frequency of angina attacks
- First-line treatment for angina attack, either alone or in combination with a calcium channel blocker (CCB)
- Ranolazine reduces myocardial oxygen demand
- Nicorandil (potassium channel opener) improves coronary blood flow
- Cocaine increases sympathetic activity
- Cocaine increases heart rate, blood pressure, and contractility
- Cocaine decreases oxygen supply through coronary vasoconstriction
- In thrombosis, myocardial oxygen demand may exceed myocardial oxygen supply, leading to ischemia or infarction
- Cocaine blocks sodium channels, leading to arrhythmias and decreased left ventricular function
- Cocaine + ethanol forms cocaethylene, increasing toxicity
- Cocaine + ethanol causes prolonged cardiovascular effects, even at lower cocaine levels
- Cocaine + ethanol causes greater increases in heart rate, cardiac output, and blood pressure compared to cocaine alone
- Angina is treated with organic nitrates/nitrites for acute attacks and prophylaxis
- Organic nitrates/nitrites obstruct blood flow in coronary arteries: dilate arteries and veins
- Myocardial ischemia in arteries improves blood flow to the myocardium
- Hypoxia of the myocardium relieves angina symptoms
- Angina is accompanied by chest pain
- Main causes of angina is increased oxygen demand or decreased oxygen supply
- Treatment goals for angina: relieve symptoms, slow disease progression, reduce risk of heart attacks and cardiac arrest
- Calcium channel blockers can be used for angina prophylaxis
- Calcium channel blockers block Calcium entry, and causes vascular smooth muscle relaxation by vasodilation, decreases myocardial force generation and heart rate, and AVN conduction velocity in particular.
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