Anesthesia and Nerve Fibers
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Questions and Answers

What is the potential risk associated with para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and its derivatives?

  • Allergic reaction (correct)
  • Methaemoglobinaemia
  • Cardiotoxicity
  • Vasodilation

    • What is the mechanism by which articaine is metabolised in plasma?

  • Not metabolised in plasma
  • Dealkalisation by amidase
  • Hydrolysis by pseudocholinesterase enzyme (correct)
  • Amide-linkage breakdown

    • What is the primary adverse effect associated with bupivacaine?

  • Paraesthesia
  • Cardiotoxicity (correct)
  • Methaemoglobinaemia
  • Vasodilation

    • What is the primary route of elimination for unchanged local anaesthetics?

    <p>Renal clearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which prilocaine is metabolised?

    <p>Aromatic ring metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which local anaesthetics prevent or relieve pain?

    <p>By inhibiting the influx of sodium (Na+) ions through voltage-gated Na+ channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the effectiveness of local anaesthetics?

    <p>Lipid solubility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why procaine (novocaine) is no longer widely used as a local anaesthetic?

    <p>It is less effective than other local anaesthetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of additives in local anaesthetics?

    <p>To enhance the efficacy of the anaesthetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of ineffective pain management in dental practice?

    <p>Increased anxiety about dentistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of local anaesthetics on the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>Blocking the conduction of nerve impulses by interfering with Na+ channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of an allergic reaction to amide local anaesthetics?

    <p>Lip swelling and periorbital oedema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life of lignocaine in the body?

    <p>2 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of biotransformation of lignocaine?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common local anaesthetic used in dentistry?

    <p>Lidocaine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which local anesthetics work?

    <p>By blocking the sodium channels in nerve cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using prilocaine over lidocaine?

    <p>It has a lower risk of methemoglobinemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication of using articaine?

    <p>Permanent sensation loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum safe dose of lidocaine?

    <p>500mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern when using bupivacaine?

    <p>Cardiac toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rare complication associated with benzocaine and lidocaine topical use?

    <p>Allergic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of benzocaine and lidocaine topical anaesthetics?

    <p>Poor lipid solubility and absorption into the systemic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the peak duration of benzocaine and lidocaine topical anaesthetics?

    <p>5 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following topical anaesthetics is suitable for children above 5 months?

    <p>Bonjela Junior Gel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ingredient in Bonjela Junior Gel that serves as an antiseptic?

    <p>Cetylpyridinium Chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for reduced potency of local anaesthetics in inflamed tissue?

    <p>Increased H+ ions in the tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the equilibrium between the lipid-soluble base (B) and the ionized form (BH+) of a local anaesthetic?

    <p>pH of the tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do local anaesthetics with lower pKa values have a more rapid onset of action?

    <p>They have lower ionisation at a given pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of greater lipid solubility of local anaesthetics?

    <p>Increased potency and duration, but also increased toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a higher pKa value on the onset of action of a local anaesthetic?

    <p>Slower onset of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique property of cocaine that makes it different from other local anaesthetics?

    <p>It causes vasoconstriction by inhibiting noradrenaline re-uptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between amino esters and amino amides?

    <p>Amino esters are broken down by cholinesterase enzymes, while amino amides are broken down by liver enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why local anaesthetics are used via local injection or topical application, but not ingested or used systemically?

    <p>To target the specific area of pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which local anaesthetics prevent pain?

    <p>By blocking the transmission of pain signals to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using a vasoconstrictor with a local anaesthetic?

    <p>It decreases the systemic absorption of the local anaesthetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between procaine and tetracaine?

    <p>Procaine has a short duration, while tetracaine has a long duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why local anaesthetics are used in dental procedures?

    <p>To prevent pain during the procedure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which amino esters are broken down?

    <p>By cholinesterase enzymes in the extracellular fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using local anaesthetics with a shorter half-life?

    <p>They are less toxic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of understanding pain pathways and action potentials in the context of local anaesthetics?

    <p>To understand the mechanism of action of local anaesthetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

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