Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which type of tissue is primarily involved in covering, lining, and secreting?
Which type of tissue is primarily involved in covering, lining, and secreting?
Which anatomical position has the forearms supinated?
Which anatomical position has the forearms supinated?
Which bones articulate with the parietal bone?
Which bones articulate with the parietal bone?
Which two bones make up the hard palate?
Which two bones make up the hard palate?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the four types of sinuses?
Which of the following is NOT one of the four types of sinuses?
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What describes the action of bringing a limb closer to the body?
What describes the action of bringing a limb closer to the body?
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Which part of a typical vertebra is considered the most anterior portion?
Which part of a typical vertebra is considered the most anterior portion?
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Which muscle is primarily responsible for elevating the mandible during mastication?
(not on pdf)
Which muscle is primarily responsible for elevating the mandible during mastication? (not on pdf)
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What differentiates the first two cervical vertebrae (C1 and C2) from the others?
What differentiates the first two cervical vertebrae (C1 and C2) from the others?
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What is the action of moving the sole of the foot inward?
What is the action of moving the sole of the foot inward?
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What type of curve is found in the lumbar and cervical regions of the spine?
What type of curve is found in the lumbar and cervical regions of the spine?
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Which muscles are responsible for lateral flexion of the spine?
Which muscles are responsible for lateral flexion of the spine?
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Which ribs are classified as floating ribs?
Which ribs are classified as floating ribs?
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What is the primary function of the middle deltoid muscle?
What is the primary function of the middle deltoid muscle?
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Which nerve is primarily responsible for sensory innervation of the anterior thigh?
Which nerve is primarily responsible for sensory innervation of the anterior thigh?
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What is the role of the gastrocnemius muscle?
What is the role of the gastrocnemius muscle?
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Which muscles are involved in the flexion of the hip joint?
Which muscles are involved in the flexion of the hip joint?
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What distinguishes cardiac muscle from smooth muscle?
What distinguishes cardiac muscle from smooth muscle?
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Which of the following is a function of the pectoralis major muscle?
Which of the following is a function of the pectoralis major muscle?
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What structure is the dens a part of?
What structure is the dens a part of?
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Which bones make up the pelvis?
Which bones make up the pelvis?
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Which landmark is the depression on ilium where the head of the femur connects?
Which landmark is the depression on ilium where the head of the femur connects?
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What type of joint is the Pubic Symphysis?
What type of joint is the Pubic Symphysis?
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Which of the following structures is formed by the Ischium and Pubic bones?
Which of the following structures is formed by the Ischium and Pubic bones?
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Which structure is found on the tibia and serves as an attachment point for the quadriceps muscles?
Which structure is found on the tibia and serves as an attachment point for the quadriceps muscles?
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Which of the following is a characteristic landmark of the fibula?
Which of the following is a characteristic landmark of the fibula?
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Which of the following is NOT a tarsal bone?
Which of the following is NOT a tarsal bone?
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Greater and Lesser Trochanter and Medial and Lateral Epicondyle are landmarks of ?
Greater and Lesser Trochanter and Medial and Lateral Epicondyle are landmarks of ?
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Which nerve is associated with the dorsal side of the arm and forearm?
Which nerve is associated with the dorsal side of the arm and forearm?
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The median nerve provides sensory innervation to which fingers?
The median nerve provides sensory innervation to which fingers?
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Which nerve is responsible for the sensory innervation of the ventral side of fingers 4 and 5?
Which nerve is responsible for the sensory innervation of the ventral side of fingers 4 and 5?
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What channels are associated with the ulnar nerve?
What channels are associated with the ulnar nerve?
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The radial nerve is primarily associated with which part of the upper extremity?
The radial nerve is primarily associated with which part of the upper extremity?
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Which muscles are responsible for flexing the wrist and fingers?
Which muscles are responsible for flexing the wrist and fingers?
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Where do all the muscles in the Extensor Group -> extensor digitorium originate?
Where do all the muscles in the Extensor Group -> extensor digitorium originate?
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Which muscle is NOT part of the Flexor Group?
Which muscle is NOT part of the Flexor Group?
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Which statement accurately describes the origin of the Flexor Group muscles?
Which statement accurately describes the origin of the Flexor Group muscles?
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Which muscle in the Flexion Group is specifically responsible for flexing wrist and fingers?
Which muscle in the Flexion Group is specifically responsible for flexing wrist and fingers?
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Palmaris longus is part of the flexor or extensor group?
Palmaris longus is part of the flexor or extensor group?
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What is the primary action of the bicep muscle at the elbow joint?
What is the primary action of the bicep muscle at the elbow joint?
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Which muscle is responsible for pronating the forearm?
Which muscle is responsible for pronating the forearm?
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What dual action does the tricep muscle perform at the shoulder and elbow?
What dual action does the tricep muscle perform at the shoulder and elbow?
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Which of the following actions is NOT performed by the bicep muscle?
Which of the following actions is NOT performed by the bicep muscle?
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Which muscle contributes to flexion of shoulder and elbow and supination of forearm?
Which muscle contributes to flexion of shoulder and elbow and supination of forearm?
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What are the 3 muscles that move the elbow?
What are the 3 muscles that move the elbow?
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What is the primary action of the anterior deltoid muscle?
What is the primary action of the anterior deltoid muscle?
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Which muscle is responsible for abducting the shoulder?
Which muscle is responsible for abducting the shoulder?
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Which of the following muscles is involved in the external rotation of the shoulder?
Which of the following muscles is involved in the external rotation of the shoulder?
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What action does the latissimus dorsi perform besides adduction and internal/medial rotation?
What action does the latissimus dorsi perform besides adduction and internal/medial rotation?
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Which rotator cuff muscle is primarily responsible for internal rotation of the shoulder?
Which rotator cuff muscle is primarily responsible for internal rotation of the shoulder?
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What are the muscles that move the shoulder?
What are the muscles that move the shoulder?
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What are the types of tissue?
What are the types of tissue?
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Which of the following muscles is not involved in mastication?
Which of the following muscles is not involved in mastication?
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Which two bones are involved in forming the hard palate?
Which two bones are involved in forming the hard palate?
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What are the 4 sinuses?
What are the 4 sinuses?
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What 2 bones do not arituculate?
What 2 bones do not arituculate?
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What are the temporal bone landmarks?
What are the temporal bone landmarks?
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Vertebrae: posterior there is __ spinous process and laterally __ transverse process
Vertebrae: posterior there is __ spinous process and laterally __ transverse process
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Vertebrae get larger or smaller as you go down.
Vertebrae get larger or smaller as you go down.
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What type of curve is found in the thoracic and sacral regions?
What type of curve is found in the thoracic and sacral regions?
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Which ribs are classifiede as true ribs?
Which ribs are classifiede as true ribs?
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What ribs are classified as false ribs?
What ribs are classified as false ribs?
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What muscles move the spine?
What muscles move the spine?
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Match muscles that move spine
Match muscles that move spine
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What does the quadratus lumborum do?
What does the quadratus lumborum do?
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Which of the following is part of the scapular?
Which of the following is part of the scapular?
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Study Notes
Tissue Types
- Four main tissue types: Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous
- Epithelial tissue: Covering, lining, and secreting functions
- Connective tissue: Includes bone, cartilage, fat, and blood
- Muscular tissue: Responsible for movement
- Nervous tissue: Responsible for communication and control
Integumentary System
- Includes skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands
- Primarily composed of keratin
Anatomical Position
- Standard reference point for describing body parts
- Forward standing position, forearms supinated
Directional Terms
- Proximal: Closer to the point of attachment or origin
- Distal: Further from the point of attachment or origin
- Dorsal: Towards the back
- Ventral: Towards the front
Muscle Actions
- Abduction: Movement away from the midline
- Adduction: Movement towards the midline
- Flexion: Decreasing the angle between bones
- Extension: Increasing the angle between bones
- Internal Rotation: Rotating inwards
- External Rotation: Rotating outwards
- Pronation: Rotating the palm downwards
- Supination: Rotating the palm upwards
- Eversion: Turning the sole of the foot outward
- Inversion: Turning the sole of the foot inward
- Dorsiflexion: Bending the foot upwards
- Plantarflexion: Pointing the foot downwards
Skull and Face
- Parietal bone articulates with occipital, temporal, and frontal bones
- Frontal and temporal bones do not articulate
-
Key bony landmarks and their locations:
- Temporal bone: Mastoid process, zygomatic process, styloid process, external auditory meatus
- Hard palate formed by: Palatine and Maxilla bones
- Four sinuses: Frontal, Ethmoid, Maxillary, Sphenoid
Muscles of Mastication
- Buccinator: Assists in chewing and holds food in mouth
- Internal Pterygoid: Elevates and protrudes mandible
- Temporalis: Elevates and retracts mandible
- External Pterygoid: Depresses and protrudes mandible
- Masseter: Elevates and protracts mandible
Spine
- Vertebrae are composed of:
- Body (most anterior portion)
- Spinous process (posterior)
- Transverse processes (lateral)
- Vertebrae size increases as you move down the spine (lumbar vertebrae are larger than cervical)
- C1 (Atlas): Lacks a body and spinous process
- C2 (Axis): Contains the Dens (odontoid process) which forms a pivot joint with C1
- Lordotic curve: Lumbar and cervical regions
- Kyphotic curve: Thoracic and sacral regions
Ribs
- True ribs (1-7): Connect directly to the sternum
- False ribs (8-10): Connect indirectly to the sternum via cartilage
- Floating ribs (11-12): Do not connect to the sternum
Muscles that Move the Spine
-
Sternocleidomastoid (SCM): Originates on the sternum and clavicle, inserts on the mastoid process
- Function: Contralateral rotation, flexion, and lateral flexion
- Rectus abdominis: Function: Flexion of the spine
- Erector Spinae Group (Iliocostalis, Longissimus, Spinalis): Function: Extension of the spine
- Internal and External Obliques: Function: Lateral flexion and rotation of the spine
- Quadratus Lumborum: Function: Lateral flexion of the spine
Upper Extremity
-
Scapula (Shoulder Blade):
- Landmarks: Spine of scapula, inferior and superior angles, Acromion process, Coracoid process, Glenoid fossa (Glenohumeral joint)
-
Humerus (Upper Arm Bone):
- Landmarks: Greater and Lesser tubercle, Medial and Lateral Epicondyle
-
Radius (Lateral Forearm Bone):
- Landmarks: Styloid Process, Head of Radius
-
Ulna (Medial Forearm Bone):
- Landmarks: Styloid Process, Head of Ulna, Olecranon Process
-
Carpals (Wrist Bones):
- Lateral to Medial, Proximal to Distal: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate
- Mnemonic: Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle
- Metacarpals (Hand Bones): Base (proximal) to head (distal)
- Phalanges (Finger Bones): Base (proximal) to head (distal)
- Pollicis: Thumb
- Hallux: Big toe
Muscles that Move the Scapula
- Elevate: Upper Trapezius, Levator Scapulae
- Depress: Lower Trapezius
- Protract: Pectoralis Minor, Long head of biceps, Coracobrachialis
- Retract: Rhomboids, Middle Trapezius
Muscles that Move the Shoulder Joint
-
Deltoid:
- Anterior Deltoid: Flexion, Internal Rotation
- Middle Deltoid: Abduction
- Posterior Deltoid: Extension, External Rotation
- Pectoralis Major: Adduction, Internal Rotation
- Latissimus Dorsi: Adduction, Internal Rotation, Extension
-
Rotator Cuff Muscles:
- Supraspinatus: Abduction
- Infraspinatus: External Rotation
- Teres Minor: External Rotation
- Subscapularis: Internal Rotation
Muscles that Move the Elbow Joint
- Biceps: Supination of forearm, Flexion of elbow, Flexion of shoulder
- Triceps: Extension of shoulder and elbow
- Pronator Teres: Pronation of forearm
Muscles that Move the Wrist and Fingers
-
Flexor Group:
- Flexor Carpi Radialis: Flexes wrist and fingers
- Palmaris Longus: Flexes wrist and fingers
- Flexor Carpi Ulnaris: Flexes wrist and fingers
- Flexor Digitorum: Flexes fingers
- Originate on medial epicondyle of humerus
-
Extensor Group:
- Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus and Brevis: Extends wrist and fingers
- Extensor Carpi Ulnaris: Extends wrist and fingers
- Extensor Digitorum: Extends fingers
- Originate on lateral epicondyle of humerus
Nerves of the Upper Extremity
- Radial Nerve: Covers the back of the arm and forearm
- Median Nerve: Covers the ventral side of fingers 1-3
- Ulnar Nerve: Covers the ventral side of fingers 4-5
Lower Extremity
-
Pelvis: Formed by three bones: Ilium, Ischium, Pubis
- Landmarks: Illiac Crest, ASIS, PSIS, AIIS, PIIS, Pubic Symphysis (cartilaginous joint), Obturator Foramen, Acetabulum
-
Femur (Thigh Bone):
- Landmarks: Greater and Lesser Trochanter, Medial and Lateral Epicondyle
-
Tibia (Shin Bone):
- Landmarks: Tibial Tuberosity, Medial Malleolus
-
Fibula (Lateral Lower Leg Bone):
- Landmarks: Head of Fibula, Lateral Malleolus
-
Tarsal Bones (Ankle Bones):
- Talus, Calcaneus, Navicular, Cuboid, Cuneiforms (Medial, Middle, Lateral)
Muscles that Move the Hip Joint
- Psoas, Iliacus, Rectus Femoris: Flexion of hip
- Hamstrings (Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus): Extend the hip
- Gluteus Maximus: Extension, Abduction, Lateral Rotation
Muscles that Move the Knee Joint
- Quadriceps (Rectus Femoris, Vastus Medialis, Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Intermedius): Extend the knee
- Hamstrings: Flexion of knee
Muscles that Move the Ankle Joint
- Gastrocnemius: Plantarflexion
- Soleus: Deep to gastrocnemius; Plantarflexion
- Tibialis Anterior: Dorsiflexion, Inversion of ankle
- Peroneus Longus and Brevis: Eversion of ankle
Nerves of the Lower Extremity
- Femoral Nerve: Anterior thigh, sensory to front of thigh, controls quadriceps
- Sciatic Nerve: Longest/thickest nerve in the body. Runs down the back of the leg, controls hamstrings, calves
Muscle Types
-
Skeletal Muscle:
- Striated
- Voluntary
- Contains Actin, Myosin, Tropomyosin, Troponin
-
Cardiac Muscle:
- Striated
- Involuntary
- Contains Actin, Myosin, Tropomyosin, Troponin
-
Smooth Muscle:
- Non-Striated
- Involuntary
- Contains Actin, Myosin, Tropomyosin, Calmodulin
Pelvic Bones
- The pelvis is formed by three bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
- These bones fuse together to form a single, strong structure that supports the weight of the upper body and provides attachment for muscles.
Pelvic Landmarks
- Iliac Crest: This is the superior border of the ilium, and it can be easily felt on the side of the hip.
- Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS): This is a prominent bony projection located at the anterior end of the iliac crest.
- Posterior Superior Iliac Spine (PSIS): This is the bony projection located at the posterior end of the iliac crest.
- Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine (AIIS): This is a smaller projection located just inferior to the ASIS.
- Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine (PIIS): This is located just inferior to the PSIS.
- Pubic Symphysis: This is a cartilaginous joint that connects the left and right pubic bones. It allows for some movement during childbirth.
- Obturator Foramen: This large opening in the pelvis is formed by the ischium and pubis. It provides passage for nerves and blood vessels.
- Acetabulum: This is a deep, cup-shaped depression on the lateral side of the ilium that accommodates the head of the femur (thigh bone). This is the socket of the hip joint.
Femur
- The greater and lesser trochanters are bony projections located on the proximal (upper) end of the femur.
- The medial and lateral epicondyles are bony projections located on the distal (lower) end of the femur.
Tibia
- The tibial tuberosity is a prominent bony projection located on the anterior (front) surface of the proximal tibia.
- The quadriceps muscles insert at the tibial tuberosity.
- The medial malleolus is a bony projection located on the medial (inner) side of the distal tibia.
Fibula
- The head of the fibula is located on the proximal (upper) end of the fibula.
- The lateral malleolus is a bony projection located on the lateral (outer) side of the distal fibula.
Tarsal Bones
- The talus is the bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula to form the ankle joint.
- The calcaneus is the largest tarsal bone, forming the heel.
- The navicular bone is located on the medial side of the foot, articulating with the talus and cuneiforms.
- The cuboid bone is located on the lateral side of the foot.
- The three cuneiform bones (medial, middle, and lateral) are located between the navicular bone and the metatarsals.
Nerves of the Upper Extremity
-
Radial Nerve:
- Innervates the posterior aspect of the arm and forearm
- Corresponds to the Small Intestine (SJ) channel in Traditional Chinese Medicine
-
Median Nerve:
- Provides sensory innervation to the palmar surface of the thumb, index, middle fingers, and radial half of the ring finger.
- Innervates the dorsal aspect of the index, middle and radial half of the ring finger.
- Corresponds to the Lung and Large Intestine (LI) channels in Traditional Chinese Medicine
-
Ulnar Nerve:
- Innervates the palmar surface of the little finger and ulnar half of the ring finger.
- Innervates the dorsal aspect of the little finger and ulnar half of the ring finger.
- Corresponds to the Heart (HT) and Small Intestine (SI) channels in Traditional Chinese Medicine
Muscles Moving the Wrist and Fingers
- The flexor group of muscles in the forearm act to flex the wrist and fingers.
- The flexor group includes: Flexor Carpi Radialis, Palmaris Longus, Flexor Carpi Ulnaris, and Flexor Digitorum.
- All flexor muscles of the forearm (including Pronator Teres) originate at the medial epicondyle of the humerus, which is the bone in the upper arm.
- The extensor group of muscles in the forearm act to extend the wrist and fingers.
- The extensor group includes: Extensor Carpi Radialis longus and brevis, Extensor Carpi Ulnaris, and Extensor Digitorum.
- All extensor muscles of the forearm originate at the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.
Types of Tissues and Functions
- Epithelial tissue is primarily involved in covering, lining, and secreting.
Anatomical Positions
- The anatomical position with the forearms supinated has the palms facing forward.
Bones of the Skull
- The parietal bone articulates with the following bones:
- Frontal bone
- Occipital bone
- Sphenoid bone
- Temporal bone
- Other parietal bone
Bones of the Palate
- The hard palate is made up of two bones:
- Palatine bone
- Maxilla
Sinuses
- The four types of sinuses are:
- Frontal
- Ethmoid
- Sphenoid
- Maxillary
Limb Movements
- Adduction is the action of bringing a limb closer to the body.
Vertebrae Structure
- The body of a typical vertebra is considered the most anterior portion.
Muscles of Mastication
- The masseter muscle is the primary muscle responsible for elevating the mandible during mastication.
Cervical Vertebrae
-
C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis) are different from other cervical vertebrae because:
- C1 has no vertebral body
- C2 has a projection called the dens (odontoid process)
- C1 allows for the head to nod
- C2 allows for the head to rotate
Foot Movements
- Inversion is the action of moving the sole of the foot inward.
Spinal Curvature
- The lumbar and cervical regions of the spine have a lordotic curve, meaning they curve forward.
Muscles of Spinal Flexion and Extension
- Erector Spinae muscles are responsible for lateral flexion of the spine.
Ribs
- Ribs 11 and 12 are classified as floating ribs.
Shoulder Muscle and Function
- The primary function of the deltoid muscle is abduction of the arm at the shoulder joint.
Nerve Innervation
- The femoral nerve is primarily responsible for sensory innervation of the anterior thigh.
Leg Muscle Function
- The gastrocnemius muscle assists with plantar flexion of the foot and flexes the leg at the knee.
Muscles of Hip Flexion
- Muscles involved in hip flexion include:
- Iliopsoas
- Rectus Femoris
- Sartorius
- Pectineus
Muscle Tissue Types
- Cardiac muscle is distinguished from smooth muscle by its striated appearance and branching fibers.
Pectoralis Major Muscle Function
- The pectoralis major muscle performs several functions, including:
- Adduction and medial rotation of the arm
- Flexion and extension of the arm
- Assists in deep inspiration
Dens Structure
- The dens is a part of the axis (C2 vertebra).
Pelvis Bones
- The pelvis is made up of:
- Ilium
- Ischium
- Pubis
Acetabulum Structure
- The acetabulum is the depression on the ilium where the head of the femur connects.
Pubic Symphysis Joint Type
- The pubic symphysis is a cartilaginous joint.
Ischiopubic Structure
- The ischiopubic rami are formed by the ischium and pubic bones.
Tibial Landmark
- The tibial tuberosity is a landmark on the tibia and serves as an attachment point for the quadriceps muscles.
Fibula Characteristics
- A characteristic landmark of the fibula is the lateral malleolus, which forms the outer ankle bone.
Tarsal Bones
- The navicular bone is not a tarsal bone.
Bone Landmarks
- Greater and Lesser Trochanter and Medial and Lateral Epicondyle are landmarks of the femur.
Nerve Innervation
- The radial nerve is associated with the dorsal side of the arm and forearm.
- The median nerve provides sensory innervation to fingers 1, 2, and 3, as well as the radial side of finger 4.
- The ulnar nerve is responsible for the sensory innervation of the ventral side of fingers 4 and 5.
- The ulnar nerve is associated with the ulnar and hypothenar channels.
Radial Nerve Function
- The radial nerve is primarily associated with the posterior compartment of the upper extremity.
Wrist and Finger Flexion
- Flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum superficialis, and flexor digitorum profundus are responsible for flexing the wrist and fingers.
Extensor Group Muscles
- The extensor digitorum muscle originates from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.
Flexor Group Muscles
- The brachioradialis is NOT part of the Flexor Group.
- The muscles in the Flexor Group have their origin medial to the humerus (medial epicondyle).
- The flexor carpi radialis is specifically responsible for flexing the wrist and fingers.
Palmaris Longus
- The palmaris longus is part of the flexor group.
Bicep Muscle Action
- The bicep muscle at the elbow joint primarily performs flexion.
Pronation
- The pronator teres muscle is responsible for pronating the forearm.
Tricep Muscle Actions
- The tricep muscle performs extension at the elbow and adduction/extension at the shoulder.
Bicep Muscle Actions (Exceptions)
- The bicep muscle does not perform abduction of the arm at the shoulder.
Shoulder and Elbow Muscle
- The deltoid muscle contributes to both shoulder and elbow movements.
Shoulder Joint Muscles
- The Deltoid muscle has three parts: anterior, middle, and posterior
- Anterior Deltoid flexes and internally rotates the shoulder
- Middle Deltoid abducts the shoulder
- Posterior Deltoid extends and externally rotates the shoulder
- Pectoralis Major adducts the humerus and internally rotates the shoulder
- Latissimus Dorsi adducts, internally rotates, and extends the shoulder
- The Rotator Cuff Muscles are a group of four muscles that help stabilize and rotate the shoulder
- Supraspinatus abducts the shoulder
- Infraspinatus and Teres minor externally rotate the shoulder
- Subscapularis internally rotates the shoulder
Boney Landmarks
- The parietal bone connects to the occipital, temporal, and frontal bones.
- The frontal and temporal bones do not connect.
- The temporal bone has the following landmarks: the mastoid process, zygomatic process, styloid process, and external auditory meatus.
- The Palatine and Maxilla bones form the hard palate.
Sinuses
- There are four sinuses: Frontal, Ethmoid, Maxillary, and Sphenoid
Muscles of Mastication
- The muscles of mastication are: Buccinator, Internal Pterygoid, Temporalis, External Pterygoid, and Masseter.
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Test your knowledge on the four main tissue types and their functions, as well as the integumentary system and anatomical position. Dive into directional terms and muscle actions to understand how the human body moves and communicates. Perfect for anatomy students and enthusiasts alike!
