Anatomy: Muscles and Bones

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Questions and Answers

Which type of tissue is primarily involved in covering, lining, and secreting?

Connective tissue

Epithelial tissue (correct)

Nervous tissue

Muscular tissue

Which anatomical position has the forearms supinated?

Kneeling on the ground

Lying down on the back

Forward standing with feet together (correct)

Standing upright with arms at sides

Which bones articulate with the parietal bone?

Zygomatic, nasal, and mandible bones

Frontal, occipital, and temporal bones (correct)

Frontal, maxilla, and nasal bones

Temporal, maxilla, and zygomatic bones

Which two bones make up the hard palate?

Palatine and Maxilla Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the four types of sinuses?

Temporal Signup and view all the answers

What describes the action of bringing a limb closer to the body?

Adduction Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a typical vertebra is considered the most anterior portion?

Body Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is primarily responsible for elevating the mandible during mastication?

Masseter Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates the first two cervical vertebrae (C1 and C2) from the others?

They allow for head rotation Signup and view all the answers

What is the action of moving the sole of the foot inward?

Inversion Signup and view all the answers

What type of curve is found in the lumbar and cervical regions of the spine?

Lordotic curve Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are responsible for lateral flexion of the spine?

Quadratus Lumborum Signup and view all the answers

Which ribs are classified as floating ribs?

Ribs 11-12 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the deltoid muscle?

Abduction of the shoulder Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is primarily responsible for sensory innervation of the anterior thigh?

Femoral nerve Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the gastrocnemius muscle?

Plantarflexion of the ankle Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are involved in the flexion of the hip joint?

Rectus Femoris Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes cardiac muscle from smooth muscle?

Cardiac muscle is striated Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of the pectoralis major muscle?

Internal rotation of humerus Signup and view all the answers

What structure is the dens a part of?

C2 vertebra Signup and view all the answers

Which bones make up the pelvis?

Ilium, Ischium, Pubis Signup and view all the answers

Which landmark is the depression on ilium where the head of the femur connects?

Acetabulum Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is the Pubic Symphysis?

Cartilaginous joint Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is formed by the Ischium and Pubic bones?

Obturator Foramen Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is found on the tibia and serves as an attachment point for the quadriceps muscles?

Tibial Tuberosity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic landmark of the fibula?

Lateral Malleolus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a tarsal bone?

Lateral Epicondyle Signup and view all the answers

Greater and Lesser Trochanter and Medial and Lateral Epicondyle are landmarks of ?

Landmarks on Femur Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is associated with the dorsal side of the arm and forearm?

Radial nerve Signup and view all the answers

The median nerve provides sensory innervation to which fingers?

Fingers 1-3 Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is responsible for the sensory innervation of the ventral side of fingers 4 and 5?

Ulnar nerve Signup and view all the answers

What channels are associated with the ulnar nerve?

Heart and SI channels Signup and view all the answers

The radial nerve is primarily associated with which part of the upper extremity?

Dorsal side of the hand Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are responsible for flexing the wrist and fingers?

Flexor Carpi Radialis, Palmaris Longus, Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Signup and view all the answers

Where do all the muscles in the Extensor Group -> extensor digitorium originate?

Lateral epicondyle of the humerus Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is NOT part of the Flexor Group?

Extensor Digitorum Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the origin of the Flexor Group muscles?

They originate on the medial epicondyle of the humerus. Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle in the Flexion Group is specifically responsible for flexing wrist and fingers?

Flexor Digitorum Signup and view all the answers

Palmaris longus is part of the flexor or extensor group?

Flexor Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of the bicep muscle at the elbow joint?

Flexion of the elbow Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is responsible for pronating the forearm?

Pronator Teres Signup and view all the answers

What dual action does the tricep muscle perform at the shoulder and elbow?

Extension at the shoulder and elbow Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions is NOT performed by the bicep muscle?

Extension of shoulder Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle contributes to flexion of shoulder and elbow and supination of forearm?

Bicep Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 muscles that move the elbow?

Bicep, Tricep, Pronator Teres: Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of the anterior deltoid muscle?

Flexion of the shoulder and internal or medial rotation of shoulder Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is responsible for abducting the shoulder?

Supraspinatus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles is involved in the external rotation of the shoulder?

Teres Minor Signup and view all the answers

What action does the latissimus dorsi perform besides adduction and internal/medial rotation?

Extension Signup and view all the answers

Which rotator cuff muscle is primarily responsible for internal rotation of the shoulder?

Subscapularis Signup and view all the answers

What are the muscles that move the shoulder?

Deltoid (ant, post, mid), pectoralis major, lattisimus dorsi, rotator cuff muscles Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of tissue?

1Epithelial (Covering, lining, secreting), Connective (includes bone, cartilage, fat, and blood), Muscular, Nervous Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Tissue Types

Four main tissue types: Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous
Epithelial tissue: Covering, lining, and secreting functions
Connective tissue: Includes bone, cartilage, fat, and blood
Muscular tissue: Responsible for movement
Nervous tissue: Responsible for communication and control

Integumentary System

Includes skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands
Primarily composed of keratin

Anatomical Position

Standard reference point for describing body parts
Forward standing position, forearms supinated

Directional Terms

Proximal: Closer to the point of attachment or origin
Distal: Further from the point of attachment or origin
Dorsal: Towards the back
Ventral: Towards the front

Muscle Actions

Abduction: Movement away from the midline
Adduction: Movement towards the midline
Flexion: Decreasing the angle between bones
Extension: Increasing the angle between bones
Internal Rotation: Rotating inwards
External Rotation: Rotating outwards
Pronation: Rotating the palm downwards
Supination: Rotating the palm upwards
Eversion: Turning the sole of the foot outward
Inversion: Turning the sole of the foot inward
Dorsiflexion: Bending the foot upwards
Plantarflexion: Pointing the foot downwards

Skull and Face

Parietal bone articulates with occipital, temporal, and frontal bones
Frontal and temporal bones do not articulate
Key bony landmarks and their locations:
- Temporal bone: Mastoid process, zygomatic process, styloid process, external auditory meatus
Hard palate formed by: Palatine and Maxilla bones
Four sinuses: Frontal, Ethmoid, Maxillary, Sphenoid

Muscles of Mastication

Buccinator: Assists in chewing and holds food in mouth
Internal Pterygoid: Elevates and protrudes mandible
Temporalis: Elevates and retracts mandible
External Pterygoid: Depresses and protrudes mandible
Masseter: Elevates and protracts mandible

Spine

Vertebrae are composed of:
- Body (most anterior portion)
- Spinous process (posterior)
- Transverse processes (lateral)
Vertebrae size increases as you move down the spine (lumbar vertebrae are larger than cervical)
C1 (Atlas): Lacks a body and spinous process
C2 (Axis): Contains the Dens (odontoid process) which forms a pivot joint with C1
Lordotic curve: Lumbar and cervical regions
Kyphotic curve: Thoracic and sacral regions

Ribs

True ribs (1-7): Connect directly to the sternum
False ribs (8-10): Connect indirectly to the sternum via cartilage
Floating ribs (11-12): Do not connect to the sternum

Muscles that Move the Spine

Sternocleidomastoid (SCM): Originates on the sternum and clavicle, inserts on the mastoid process
- Function: Contralateral rotation, flexion, and lateral flexion
Rectus abdominis: Function: Flexion of the spine
Erector Spinae Group (Iliocostalis, Longissimus, Spinalis): Function: Extension of the spine
Internal and External Obliques: Function: Lateral flexion and rotation of the spine
Quadratus Lumborum: Function: Lateral flexion of the spine

Upper Extremity

Scapula (Shoulder Blade):
- Landmarks: Spine of scapula, inferior and superior angles, Acromion process, Coracoid process, Glenoid fossa (Glenohumeral joint)
Humerus (Upper Arm Bone):
- Landmarks: Greater and Lesser tubercle, Medial and Lateral Epicondyle
Radius (Lateral Forearm Bone):
- Landmarks: Styloid Process, Head of Radius
Ulna (Medial Forearm Bone):
- Landmarks: Styloid Process, Head of Ulna, Olecranon Process
Carpals (Wrist Bones):
- Lateral to Medial, Proximal to Distal: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate
- Mnemonic: Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle
Metacarpals (Hand Bones): Base (proximal) to head (distal)
Phalanges (Finger Bones): Base (proximal) to head (distal)
Pollicis: Thumb
Hallux: Big toe

Muscles that Move the Scapula

Elevate: Upper Trapezius, Levator Scapulae
Depress: Lower Trapezius
Protract: Pectoralis Minor, Long head of biceps, Coracobrachialis
Retract: Rhomboids, Middle Trapezius

Muscles that Move the Shoulder Joint

Deltoid:
- Anterior Deltoid: Flexion, Internal Rotation
- Middle Deltoid: Abduction
- Posterior Deltoid: Extension, External Rotation
Pectoralis Major: Adduction, Internal Rotation
Latissimus Dorsi: Adduction, Internal Rotation, Extension
Rotator Cuff Muscles:
- Supraspinatus: Abduction
- Infraspinatus: External Rotation
- Teres Minor: External Rotation
- Subscapularis: Internal Rotation

Muscles that Move the Elbow Joint

Biceps: Supination of forearm, Flexion of elbow, Flexion of shoulder
Triceps: Extension of shoulder and elbow
Pronator Teres: Pronation of forearm

Muscles that Move the Wrist and Fingers

Flexor Group:
- Flexor Carpi Radialis: Flexes wrist and fingers
- Palmaris Longus: Flexes wrist and fingers
- Flexor Carpi Ulnaris: Flexes wrist and fingers
- Flexor Digitorum: Flexes fingers
- Originate on medial epicondyle of humerus
Extensor Group:
- Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus and Brevis: Extends wrist and fingers
- Extensor Carpi Ulnaris: Extends wrist and fingers
- Extensor Digitorum: Extends fingers
- Originate on lateral epicondyle of humerus

Nerves of the Upper Extremity

Radial Nerve: Covers the back of the arm and forearm
Median Nerve: Covers the ventral side of fingers 1-3
Ulnar Nerve: Covers the ventral side of fingers 4-5

Lower Extremity

Pelvis: Formed by three bones: Ilium, Ischium, Pubis
- Landmarks: Illiac Crest, ASIS, PSIS, AIIS, PIIS, Pubic Symphysis (cartilaginous joint), Obturator Foramen, Acetabulum
Femur (Thigh Bone):
- Landmarks: Greater and Lesser Trochanter, Medial and Lateral Epicondyle
Tibia (Shin Bone):
- Landmarks: Tibial Tuberosity, Medial Malleolus
Fibula (Lateral Lower Leg Bone):
- Landmarks: Head of Fibula, Lateral Malleolus
Tarsal Bones (Ankle Bones):
- Talus, Calcaneus, Navicular, Cuboid, Cuneiforms (Medial, Middle, Lateral)

Muscles that Move the Hip Joint

Psoas, Iliacus, Rectus Femoris: Flexion of hip
Hamstrings (Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus): Extend the hip
Gluteus Maximus: Extension, Abduction, Lateral Rotation

Muscles that Move the Knee Joint

Quadriceps (Rectus Femoris, Vastus Medialis, Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Intermedius): Extend the knee
Hamstrings: Flexion of knee

Muscles that Move the Ankle Joint

Gastrocnemius: Plantarflexion
Soleus: Deep to gastrocnemius; Plantarflexion
Tibialis Anterior: Dorsiflexion, Inversion of ankle
Peroneus Longus and Brevis: Eversion of ankle

Nerves of the Lower Extremity

Femoral Nerve: Anterior thigh, sensory to front of thigh, controls quadriceps
Sciatic Nerve: Longest/thickest nerve in the body. Runs down the back of the leg, controls hamstrings, calves

Muscle Types

Skeletal Muscle:
- Striated
- Voluntary
- Contains Actin, Myosin, Tropomyosin, Troponin
Cardiac Muscle:
- Striated
- Involuntary
- Contains Actin, Myosin, Tropomyosin, Troponin
Smooth Muscle:
- Non-Striated
- Involuntary
- Contains Actin, Myosin, Tropomyosin, Calmodulin

Pelvic Bones

The pelvis is formed by three bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
These bones fuse together to form a single, strong structure that supports the weight of the upper body and provides attachment for muscles.

Pelvic Landmarks

Iliac Crest: This is the superior border of the ilium, and it can be easily felt on the side of the hip.
Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS): This is a prominent bony projection located at the anterior end of the iliac crest.
Posterior Superior Iliac Spine (PSIS): This is the bony projection located at the posterior end of the iliac crest.
Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine (AIIS): This is a smaller projection located just inferior to the ASIS.
Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine (PIIS): This is located just inferior to the PSIS.
Pubic Symphysis: This is a cartilaginous joint that connects the left and right pubic bones. It allows for some movement during childbirth.
Obturator Foramen: This large opening in the pelvis is formed by the ischium and pubis. It provides passage for nerves and blood vessels.
Acetabulum: This is a deep, cup-shaped depression on the lateral side of the ilium that accommodates the head of the femur (thigh bone). This is the socket of the hip joint.

Femur

The greater and lesser trochanters are bony projections located on the proximal (upper) end of the femur.
The medial and lateral epicondyles are bony projections located on the distal (lower) end of the femur.

Tibia

The tibial tuberosity is a prominent bony projection located on the anterior (front) surface of the proximal tibia.
The quadriceps muscles insert at the tibial tuberosity.
The medial malleolus is a bony projection located on the medial (inner) side of the distal tibia.

Fibula

The head of the fibula is located on the proximal (upper) end of the fibula.
The lateral malleolus is a bony projection located on the lateral (outer) side of the distal fibula.

Tarsal Bones

The talus is the bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula to form the ankle joint.
The calcaneus is the largest tarsal bone, forming the heel.
The navicular bone is located on the medial side of the foot, articulating with the talus and cuneiforms.
The cuboid bone is located on the lateral side of the foot.
The three cuneiform bones (medial, middle, and lateral) are located between the navicular bone and the metatarsals.

Nerves of the Upper Extremity

Radial Nerve:
- Innervates the posterior aspect of the arm and forearm
- Corresponds to the Small Intestine (SJ) channel in Traditional Chinese Medicine
Median Nerve:
- Provides sensory innervation to the palmar surface of the thumb, index, middle fingers, and radial half of the ring finger.
- Innervates the dorsal aspect of the index, middle and radial half of the ring finger.
- Corresponds to the Lung and Large Intestine (LI) channels in Traditional Chinese Medicine
Ulnar Nerve:
- Innervates the palmar surface of the little finger and ulnar half of the ring finger.
- Innervates the dorsal aspect of the little finger and ulnar half of the ring finger.
- Corresponds to the Heart (HT) and Small Intestine (SI) channels in Traditional Chinese Medicine

Muscles Moving the Wrist and Fingers

The flexor group of muscles in the forearm act to flex the wrist and fingers.
The flexor group includes: Flexor Carpi Radialis, Palmaris Longus, Flexor Carpi Ulnaris, and Flexor Digitorum.
All flexor muscles of the forearm (including Pronator Teres) originate at the medial epicondyle of the humerus, which is the bone in the upper arm.
The extensor group of muscles in the forearm act to extend the wrist and fingers.
The extensor group includes: Extensor Carpi Radialis longus and brevis, Extensor Carpi Ulnaris, and Extensor Digitorum.
All extensor muscles of the forearm originate at the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.

Types of Tissues and Functions

Epithelial tissue is primarily involved in covering, lining, and secreting.

Anatomical Positions

The anatomical position with the forearms supinated has the palms facing forward.

Bones of the Skull

The parietal bone articulates with the following bones:
- Frontal bone
- Occipital bone
- Sphenoid bone
- Temporal bone
- Other parietal bone

Bones of the Palate

The hard palate is made up of two bones:
- Palatine bone
- Maxilla

Sinuses

The four types of sinuses are:
- Frontal
- Ethmoid
- Sphenoid
- Maxillary

Limb Movements

Adduction is the action of bringing a limb closer to the body.

Vertebrae Structure

The body of a typical vertebra is considered the most anterior portion.

Muscles of Mastication

The masseter muscle is the primary muscle responsible for elevating the mandible during mastication.

Cervical Vertebrae

C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis) are different from other cervical vertebrae because:
- C1 has no vertebral body
- C2 has a projection called the dens (odontoid process)
- C1 allows for the head to nod
- C2 allows for the head to rotate

Foot Movements

Inversion is the action of moving the sole of the foot inward.

Spinal Curvature

The lumbar and cervical regions of the spine have a lordotic curve, meaning they curve forward.

Muscles of Spinal Flexion and Extension

Erector Spinae muscles are responsible for lateral flexion of the spine.

Ribs

Ribs 11 and 12 are classified as floating ribs.

Shoulder Muscle and Function

The primary function of the deltoid muscle is abduction of the arm at the shoulder joint.

Nerve Innervation

The femoral nerve is primarily responsible for sensory innervation of the anterior thigh.

Leg Muscle Function

The gastrocnemius muscle assists with plantar flexion of the foot and flexes the leg at the knee.

Muscles of Hip Flexion

Muscles involved in hip flexion include:
- Iliopsoas
- Rectus Femoris
- Sartorius
- Pectineus

Muscle Tissue Types

Cardiac muscle is distinguished from smooth muscle by its striated appearance and branching fibers.

Pectoralis Major Muscle Function

The pectoralis major muscle performs several functions, including:
- Adduction and medial rotation of the arm
- Flexion and extension of the arm
- Assists in deep inspiration

Dens Structure

The dens is a part of the axis (C2 vertebra).

Pelvis Bones

The pelvis is made up of:
- Ilium
- Ischium
- Pubis

Acetabulum Structure

The acetabulum is the depression on the ilium where the head of the femur connects.

Pubic Symphysis Joint Type

The pubic symphysis is a cartilaginous joint.

Ischiopubic Structure

The ischiopubic rami are formed by the ischium and pubic bones.

Tibial Landmark

The tibial tuberosity is a landmark on the tibia and serves as an attachment point for the quadriceps muscles.

Fibula Characteristics

A characteristic landmark of the fibula is the lateral malleolus, which forms the outer ankle bone.

Tarsal Bones

The navicular bone is not a tarsal bone.

Bone Landmarks

Greater and Lesser Trochanter and Medial and Lateral Epicondyle are landmarks of the femur.

Nerve Innervation

The radial nerve is associated with the dorsal side of the arm and forearm.
The median nerve provides sensory innervation to fingers 1, 2, and 3, as well as the radial side of finger 4.
The ulnar nerve is responsible for the sensory innervation of the ventral side of fingers 4 and 5.
The ulnar nerve is associated with the ulnar and hypothenar channels.

Radial Nerve Function

The radial nerve is primarily associated with the posterior compartment of the upper extremity.

Wrist and Finger Flexion

Flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum superficialis, and flexor digitorum profundus are responsible for flexing the wrist and fingers.

Extensor Group Muscles

The extensor digitorum muscle originates from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.

Flexor Group Muscles

The brachioradialis is NOT part of the Flexor Group.
The muscles in the Flexor Group have their origin medial to the humerus (medial epicondyle).
The flexor carpi radialis is specifically responsible for flexing the wrist and fingers.

Palmaris Longus

The palmaris longus is part of the flexor group.

Bicep Muscle Action

The bicep muscle at the elbow joint primarily performs flexion.

Pronation

The pronator teres muscle is responsible for pronating the forearm.

Tricep Muscle Actions

The tricep muscle performs extension at the elbow and adduction/extension at the shoulder.

Bicep Muscle Actions (Exceptions)

The bicep muscle does not perform abduction of the arm at the shoulder.

Shoulder and Elbow Muscle

The deltoid muscle contributes to both shoulder and elbow movements.

Shoulder Joint Muscles

The Deltoid muscle has three parts: anterior, middle, and posterior
Anterior Deltoid flexes and internally rotates the shoulder
Middle Deltoid abducts the shoulder
Posterior Deltoid extends and externally rotates the shoulder
Pectoralis Major adducts the humerus and internally rotates the shoulder
Latissimus Dorsi adducts, internally rotates, and extends the shoulder
The Rotator Cuff Muscles are a group of four muscles that help stabilize and rotate the shoulder
Supraspinatus abducts the shoulder
Infraspinatus and Teres minor externally rotate the shoulder
Subscapularis internally rotates the shoulder

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