BIO - Muscles and Bones Review PDF

First Year Comps Muscle and Bone Review 4 Types of Tissue: 1. Epithelial (Covering, lining, secreting), 2. Connective (includes bone, cartilage, fat, and blood), 3. Muscular, 4. Nervous Integumentary System Includes: Skin, Hair, Nails, Sweat glands -Skin...

First Year Comps Muscle and Bone Review 4 Types of Tissue: 1. Epithelial (Covering, lining, secreting), 2. Connective (includes bone, cartilage, fat, and blood), 3. Muscular, 4. Nervous Integumentary System Includes: Skin, Hair, Nails, Sweat glands -Skin, Hair, and Nails mostly composed of the protein Keratin Anatomical Position: Forward standing; Forearms supinated Directions: i.e. proximal vs distal; Dorsal vs Ventral Muscle Actions: Abduction vs Adduction; Flexion vs Extension; Internal Rotation vs External Rotation; Pronation vs Supination; Eversion vs Inversion; Dorsiflexion vs Plantarflexion Skull and Face Boney Landmarks: Know what bones articulate with what: i.e. Parietal bone articulates occipital, temporal, and frontal bones Frontal and temporal do not articulate Know key boney landmarks and what bone they are found on: i.e. temporal bone landmarks: Mastoid process, zygomatic process, styloid process, external auditory meatus What 2 bones make up the hard palate? Palatine and Maxilla 4 sinuses: Frontal Ethmoid Maxillary Sphenoid Muscles: Muscles of Mastication: Buccinator Internal Pterygoid Temporalis External pterygoid Masseter Spine Parts of typical vertebra: Body is the most anterior portion of vertebra, Posterior there is 1 spinous process, laterally 2 transverse processes Vertebra get larger as you move down. So lumbar vertebra are larger than cervical What makes C1 and C2 different? C1=Atlas-No body and no spinous process, C2=Axis (contains Dens or odontoid process); Dens forms a pivot joint with C1 Lordotic vs Kyphotic Curve: Lumbar and cervical regions have lordotic curve; thoracic and sacral regions have kyphotic curve Ribs 1-7:True ribs(connect directly to sternum)  8-10:False ribs(connect indirectly to sternum via cartilage) 11-12: Floating ribs Muscles that move the Spine: Sternocleidomastoid (SCM):Sternum, Clavicle, Mastoid process; Rotation to opposite side(contralateral), Flexion and lateral flexion Rectus abdominis: Flexion of spine Erector Spinae Group (Illiocostalis, Longissimus, Spinalis): Extension of spine Internal and External Obliques: Lateral flexion and rotation of spine Quadratus Lumborum: Lateral flexion of spine Upper extremity Landmarks of scapula:Spine of scapula, inferior and superior angles, Acromion process, Coracoid process, Glenoid fossa(Glenohumeral joint) Landmarks of humerus: Greater and Lesser tubercle; Medial and Lateral Epicondyle Landmarks on radius: Styloid Process; Head of Radius Landmarks on the ulna: Styloid Process; Head of Ulna; Olecranon Process Carpals: Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Lateral to Medial, Proximal to distal Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can’t Handle Base (Proximal) vs head (distal) of metacarpals/metatarsals/phalanges: Hallicus(Big toe) vs Pollicis(thumb): Muscles that Move Scapula: Elevate: Upper Trapezius; Levator scapulae Depress: Lower Trapezius Protract: Pectoralis Minor (attaches to coracoid process of scapula along with Long head of biceps and coracobrachialis muscles) Retract: Rhomboids (Deep to traps); Middle Trapezius Muscles that move the shoulder joint: Deltoid: -Anterior Deltoid-Flexion of shoulder; internal or medial rotation of shoulder -Middle Deltoid-Abduction of shoulder  -Posterior Deltoid-Extension of shoulder; external or lateral rotation of shoulder Pectoralis Major:adduction of humerus/shoulder; internal/medial rotation Latissimus Dorsi:Adduction, internal/medial rotation, extension Rotator Cuff Muscles: Supraspinatus: Abduct shoulder Infraspinatus: Externally rotate shoulder Teres minor: Externally rotate shoulder Subscapularis: Internally rotate shoulder Muscles that move elbow joint: Bicep:Supination of forearm, Flexion of elbow, Flexion of shoulder Tricep:Extension of shoulder and elbow Pronator Teres: Pronating forearm Muscles that move the wrist and fingers: Flexor Group: Flexor Carpi Radialis, Palmaris Longus, Flexor Carpi Ulnaris: Flexor Digitorum: Flex wrist and fingers All muscles on flexor side(including pronator teres) all originate on medial epicondyle of humerus Extensor Group: Extensor Carpi Radialis longus and brevis, Externsor Carpi Ulnaris: Extensor Digitorum: All originate on lateral epicondyle of humerus Nerves of Upper Extremity: Radial:Cover back of arm and forearm(SJ channel) Median:Ventral side Fingers 1-3 and up from there(Lung/LI channels) Ulnar:Ventral side, fingers 4-5 and up from there (Heart/SI channels) Lower Extremity Pelvis: Pelvis made from 3 bones: Ilium, Ischium, Pubis Landmarks: Illiac Crest, ASIS, PSIS, AIIS, PIIS, Pubic Symphysis (Cartilaginous joint), Obturator Foramen(made of ischium and pubic bones), Acetabulum (Depression on illium where head of femur connects) Landmarks on Femur: Greater and Lesser Trochanter, Medial and Lateral Epicondyle Landmarks on Tibia: Tibial Tuberosity(where quadricep muscles insert), Medial Malleolus Landmarks on fibula: Head of Fibula (GB 34 is just below this), Lateral Malleolus Tarsal Bones: Talus, Calcaneus, Navicular, Cuboid, Cuneiforms (Medial, Middle, and Lateral) Muscles the move the hip joint: Psoas, Illiacus, Rectus Femoris: Flexion of hip Hamstrings (Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus):Extend the hip Gluteus Maximus:Extends, abducts, and laterally rotates the hip Muscles that move the knee: Quadriceps(Rectus Femoris, Vastus Medialis, Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Intermedius):Extend the knee Hamstrings: Flexion of knee Muscles that move the ankle: Gastrocnemius: Plantarflexion Soleus:Deep to gastroc; Plantarflexion Tibialis Anterior: Dorsiflexion; Inversion of ankle Peroneus longus and brevis: Eversion of ankle Nerves of Lower Extremity -Femoral: Anterior thigh, sensory to front of thigh, controls quads -Sciatic: Longest/thickest nerve in body; Runs down back of leg so carries sensation on back of leg and controls hamstrings, calves, etc 3 TYPES OF MUSCLES Skeletal Cardiac Smooth Striated Striated Non-Striated Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary Actin Actin Actin Myosin Myosin Myosin Tropomyosin Tropomyosin Tropomyosin Troponin(Binds to Ca+) Troponin(Binds to calcium) Calmodulin (Binds to calcium)