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Questions and Answers
Which is a major function of the skeletal system?
Which is a major function of the skeletal system?
The skeletal system participates in ________.
The skeletal system participates in ________.
maintaining blood calcium levels
In addition to osseous tissue, a typical bone contains ________.
In addition to osseous tissue, a typical bone contains ________.
Which of the following is produced within red bone marrow?
Which of the following is produced within red bone marrow?
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Osseous tissue is classified as which of the following?
Osseous tissue is classified as which of the following?
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Organic components of the matrix of bone include ________.
Organic components of the matrix of bone include ________.
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Mature bone cells that maintain and monitor the protein and mineral content of the surrounding matrix are called ________.
Mature bone cells that maintain and monitor the protein and mineral content of the surrounding matrix are called ________.
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Which type of cell divides to produce daughter cells that can differentiate readily after a bone is cracked or broken?
Which type of cell divides to produce daughter cells that can differentiate readily after a bone is cracked or broken?
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The function of an osteoclast in osseous tissue is ________.
The function of an osteoclast in osseous tissue is ________.
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A bone cell that secretes the organic components of bone matrix is ________.
A bone cell that secretes the organic components of bone matrix is ________.
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Which of the following is a special characteristic of spongy bone?
Which of the following is a special characteristic of spongy bone?
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In osseous tissue, which of the following is always removing matrix and releasing minerals?
In osseous tissue, which of the following is always removing matrix and releasing minerals?
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The epiphyseal cartilage connects to the diaphysis by a narrow zone called the ________.
The epiphyseal cartilage connects to the diaphysis by a narrow zone called the ________.
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Layers of bone that occur at the external and internal surfaces of the bone are referred to as ________.
Layers of bone that occur at the external and internal surfaces of the bone are referred to as ________.
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The two types of osseous tissue are ________.
The two types of osseous tissue are ________.
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Spongy bone is made up of a network of bony spicules arranged into parallel struts or thick, branching plates called ________.
Spongy bone is made up of a network of bony spicules arranged into parallel struts or thick, branching plates called ________.
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Perforating canals ________.
Perforating canals ________.
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Which of the following describes a central canal?
Which of the following describes a central canal?
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The endosteum is best described as ________.
The endosteum is best described as ________.
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The periosteum ________.
The periosteum ________.
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Roofing bones of the skull form via ________ ossification.
Roofing bones of the skull form via ________ ossification.
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Which of the following statements is/are TRUE of the growth of the skeleton?
Which of the following statements is/are TRUE of the growth of the skeleton?
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Endochondral ossification begins with ________.
Endochondral ossification begins with ________.
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Regarding long bone formation, bone development proceeds from the ________ in the shaft.
Regarding long bone formation, bone development proceeds from the ________ in the shaft.
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The deposit of calcium salts within a tissue is called ________.
The deposit of calcium salts within a tissue is called ________.
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Which of the following occurs during endochondral ossification?
Which of the following occurs during endochondral ossification?
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During endochondral bone formation, ________.
During endochondral bone formation, ________.
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A long bone increases in length until ________.
A long bone increases in length until ________.
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What is the fate of the chondrocytes that are present where bone is forming?
What is the fate of the chondrocytes that are present where bone is forming?
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Bones have a vascular supply that is ________.
Bones have a vascular supply that is ________.
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Which of the following describes how bones are innervated?
Which of the following describes how bones are innervated?
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What is the mechanism of marrow cavity enlargement in a long bone?
What is the mechanism of marrow cavity enlargement in a long bone?
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If a long bone that was found at an archaeological dig contained functional epiphyseal plates, what inference is most accurate?
If a long bone that was found at an archaeological dig contained functional epiphyseal plates, what inference is most accurate?
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Increased levels of calcium in the blood of a pregnant woman would stimulate the secretion of ________, which would increase calcium loss in the urine.
Increased levels of calcium in the blood of a pregnant woman would stimulate the secretion of ________, which would increase calcium loss in the urine.
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How do hormones regulate the pattern of bone growth?
How do hormones regulate the pattern of bone growth?
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Which of the following acts on the intestine, requiring calcitriol production by the kidneys?
Which of the following acts on the intestine, requiring calcitriol production by the kidneys?
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Which of the following is the active form of calcitriol?
Which of the following is the active form of calcitriol?
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Each year, approximately ________ of the adult skeleton is demolished and then rebuilt or replaced.
Each year, approximately ________ of the adult skeleton is demolished and then rebuilt or replaced.
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Bone mass reduction occurs initially between the ages of ________.
Bone mass reduction occurs initially between the ages of ________.
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Which of the following is important as a stimulus that maintains normal bone structure, especially in growing children, postmenopausal women, and elderly men?
Which of the following is important as a stimulus that maintains normal bone structure, especially in growing children, postmenopausal women, and elderly men?
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The degenerative effects of osteoporosis are most likely to affect ________.
The degenerative effects of osteoporosis are most likely to affect ________.
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A fracture of a bone that is the result of a twisting stress that spreads along the length of the bone is called a(n) ________.
A fracture of a bone that is the result of a twisting stress that spreads along the length of the bone is called a(n) ________.
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Which of the following type of fracture produces new and abnormal bone arrangements?
Which of the following type of fracture produces new and abnormal bone arrangements?
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A break in a bone is called ________.
A break in a bone is called ________.
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Treating a compound fracture differs from other fractures most significantly due to ________.
Treating a compound fracture differs from other fractures most significantly due to ________.
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During track and field practice one of the runners trips over a hurdle and falls forward. Fortunately, he is able to break his fall with his hands. However, he stands up holding his wrist in pain. What type of fracture might he have sustained?
During track and field practice one of the runners trips over a hurdle and falls forward. Fortunately, he is able to break his fall with his hands. However, he stands up holding his wrist in pain. What type of fracture might he have sustained?
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An example of a pneumatized bone is the ________.
An example of a pneumatized bone is the ________.
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Which of the following is a classification of bone shape?
Which of the following is a classification of bone shape?
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Which of the following is an example of an irregular bone?
Which of the following is an example of an irregular bone?
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Small, flat, oddly shaped bones that develop between the flat bones of the skull are called ________.
Small, flat, oddly shaped bones that develop between the flat bones of the skull are called ________.
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The scapula is an example of what type of bone?
The scapula is an example of what type of bone?
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A shallow depression on the surface of a bone is called a ________.
A shallow depression on the surface of a bone is called a ________.
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Processes that form where tendons or ligaments attach to a bone include ________.
Processes that form where tendons or ligaments attach to a bone include ________.
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Which of the following is most likely to have a nerve pass through it?
Which of the following is most likely to have a nerve pass through it?
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Which diagnostic procedure detects abnormalities in synovial fluid?
Which diagnostic procedure detects abnormalities in synovial fluid?
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Calcium phosphate interacts with ________ to form hydroxyapatite.
Calcium phosphate interacts with ________ to form hydroxyapatite.
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The yellow marrow that fills the medullary cavities of many bones is dominated by ________.
The yellow marrow that fills the medullary cavities of many bones is dominated by ________.
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Because they are strong and relatively inflexible, ________ enable bone to withstand the stress of compression.
Because they are strong and relatively inflexible, ________ enable bone to withstand the stress of compression.
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Because they resist stretch, the ________ fibers provide the tensile strength of bone.
Because they resist stretch, the ________ fibers provide the tensile strength of bone.
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The walls of bones are composed of ________.
The walls of bones are composed of ________.
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________ are struts or plates within spongy bone which assist in withstanding stresses in a specific direction.
________ are struts or plates within spongy bone which assist in withstanding stresses in a specific direction.
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The physical process of bone formation is called ________.
The physical process of bone formation is called ________.
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As a long bone develops, the point where osteoblasts first replace calcified cartilage with spongy bone becomes the ________, from which further development proceeds.
As a long bone develops, the point where osteoblasts first replace calcified cartilage with spongy bone becomes the ________, from which further development proceeds.
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As cartilage enlarges in step 1 of endochondral ossification, ________ near the center of the shaft increase in size.
As cartilage enlarges in step 1 of endochondral ossification, ________ near the center of the shaft increase in size.
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The vessels supplying blood to the inner (diaphyseal) surface of each epiphyseal plate, where bone is replacing cartilage, are called ________ vessels.
The vessels supplying blood to the inner (diaphyseal) surface of each epiphyseal plate, where bone is replacing cartilage, are called ________ vessels.
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Blood vessels that supply the ends of long bones are called ________ vessels.
Blood vessels that supply the ends of long bones are called ________ vessels.
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An individual with otherwise normal features, but having very short limbs, may have a condition known as ________, in which epiphyseal cartilages grow unusually slowly.
An individual with otherwise normal features, but having very short limbs, may have a condition known as ________, in which epiphyseal cartilages grow unusually slowly.
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Differences in body size and proportions between males and females result from the different effects of ________, which affect(s) the growth of the bones.
Differences in body size and proportions between males and females result from the different effects of ________, which affect(s) the growth of the bones.
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The simultaneous process of adding new bone and removing previously formed bone is called ________.
The simultaneous process of adding new bone and removing previously formed bone is called ________.
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After a fracture occurs, a(n) ________ forms as a network of spongy bone unites the inner edges.
After a fracture occurs, a(n) ________ forms as a network of spongy bone unites the inner edges.
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A(n) ________ fracture occurs at the ankle and affects both leg bones.
A(n) ________ fracture occurs at the ankle and affects both leg bones.
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Diploë is spongy bone found in ________ bones.
Diploë is spongy bone found in ________ bones.
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A prominent ridge on a bone is called a(n) ________.
A prominent ridge on a bone is called a(n) ________.
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A small, flat articular surface is a ________.
A small, flat articular surface is a ________.
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An extension of a bone that is set at an angle to the rest of the bone is usually called a ________.
An extension of a bone that is set at an angle to the rest of the bone is usually called a ________.
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A smooth, grooved articular process, shaped like a pulley, is a(n) ________.
A smooth, grooved articular process, shaped like a pulley, is a(n) ________.
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A chamber within a bone, normally filled with air, is a(n) ________.
A chamber within a bone, normally filled with air, is a(n) ________.
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The expanded articular end of an epiphysis, separated from the shaft by a narrower neck, is a(n) ________.
The expanded articular end of an epiphysis, separated from the shaft by a narrower neck, is a(n) ________.
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An elongated cleft is a(n) ________.
An elongated cleft is a(n) ________.
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A ________ is a smooth rounded articular process.
A ________ is a smooth rounded articular process.
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The perforating canals of osteons extend roughly perpendicular to the surface of a bone.
The perforating canals of osteons extend roughly perpendicular to the surface of a bone.
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The central canal of an osteon usually runs parallel to the surface of a bone.
The central canal of an osteon usually runs parallel to the surface of a bone.
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The lacuna contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
The lacuna contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
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The central canals connect the lacunae to one another.
The central canals connect the lacunae to one another.
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The endosteum is usually many layers thick.
The endosteum is usually many layers thick.
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The diaphysis is the region at each end of a long bone.
The diaphysis is the region at each end of a long bone.
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Periosteum lines the medullary cavity.
Periosteum lines the medullary cavity.
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Periosteum covers the outer surface of a bone.
Periosteum covers the outer surface of a bone.
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The metaphysis is the tubular shaft of a long bone.
The metaphysis is the tubular shaft of a long bone.
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A displaced fracture retains the normal alignment of the bone elements or fragments.
A displaced fracture retains the normal alignment of the bone elements or fragments.
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A compression fracture occurs particularly in vertebrae subjected to extreme stress, such as when landing on the sacrum after a fall.
A compression fracture occurs particularly in vertebrae subjected to extreme stress, such as when landing on the sacrum after a fall.
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A transverse fracture is produced by twisting stresses and spreads along the length of the bone.
A transverse fracture is produced by twisting stresses and spreads along the length of the bone.
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Flat bones have a diaphysis, two metaphyses, two epiphyses, and a medullary cavity.
Flat bones have a diaphysis, two metaphyses, two epiphyses, and a medullary cavity.
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What kind of tissue(s) would most likely be found in a tissue sample taken from the interior of the epiphysis of the femur?
What kind of tissue(s) would most likely be found in a tissue sample taken from the interior of the epiphysis of the femur?
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What is the significance of the orientation of the trabeculae in spongy bone? Provide a specific example, discussing how trabecular structure lends to its function(s).
What is the significance of the orientation of the trabeculae in spongy bone? Provide a specific example, discussing how trabecular structure lends to its function(s).
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How does an extensive exercise program affect the appearance of the skeleton? Why do these changes occur?
How does an extensive exercise program affect the appearance of the skeleton? Why do these changes occur?
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A boy returns to school to begin 7th grade after summer vacation only to find that he is at least four inches taller than several classmates that were the same height as him before the summer. Propose a reason for such a difference.
A boy returns to school to begin 7th grade after summer vacation only to find that he is at least four inches taller than several classmates that were the same height as him before the summer. Propose a reason for such a difference.
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Study Notes
Major Functions of the Skeletal System
- Provides structural support for the body.
- Aids in maintaining blood calcium levels.
Composition of Bone
- Contains multiple tissue types including osseous (bone) tissue, connective tissues, smooth muscle (in blood vessels), and neural tissues.
- Blood cells are produced in red bone marrow.
Bone Cell Types and Functions
- Osseous tissue is a subtype of connective tissue.
- Osteocytes maintain and monitor the surrounding bone matrix.
- Osteoprogenitor cells can differentiate to assist in bone healing after fractures.
- Osteoclasts dissolve old bone matrix, releasing minerals and amino acids.
- Osteoblasts secrete organic components of the bone matrix.
Bone Structure Characteristics
- Spongy bone features trabeculae, a network of bony spicules.
- Circumferential lamellae are layers found at the external and internal surfaces of bones.
- Perforating canals transmit blood vessels deep into bone.
- Central canals (Haversian canals) run parallel to osteons and contain blood vessels.
Bone Growth and Development
- Endochondral ossification starts with hyaline cartilage.
- Bone development begins at the primary ossification center.
- Epiphyseal cartilage allows for the growth of long bones until epiphyseal closure occurs.
- Bone remodeling involves simultaneous deposition and resorption of bone.
Hormonal Regulation
- Parathyroid hormone stimulates the intestines and requires calcitriol for calcium absorption.
- Calcitonin secretions increase urine calcium loss.
Bone Healing and Fractures
- An internal callus forms to unite the edges of a fracture.
- Specific types of fractures include spiral (caused by twisting stress), displaced (producing new bone arrangements), and Colles fractures (common wrist injury).
Bone Structure and Classification
- Bones can be classified by shape, including sesamoid, flat (like the scapula), irregular (like vertebra), and sutural bones.
- Diaphysis refers to the tubular shaft of long bones, while metaphysis is at each end.
- The epiphyseal plate is critical for growth in length.
Importance of Physical Activity
- Regular exercise maintains and promotes normal bone structure, especially in children and elderly populations.
- Exercise induces changes in bone density and size due to the adaptive nature of bone tissue.
Aging and Bone Health
- Bone mass reduction is common between ages 30-40, and osteoporosis predominantly affects older women.
- Extensive vascular supply in bones includes numerous arteries and veins, essential for bone health and repair.
Anatomical Features and Terminology
- Important structures include fossa (depressions), trochanters, tuberosities (tendon/ligament attachment sites), foramen (nerve passage), and various types of projections.
- The transformation and adaptation of bones occur continuously, influenced by mechanical stress and physiological changes.
Summary of Key Processes
- Osteogenesis is the physical process of bone formation, leading to the development and adaptation of bone structures.
- Trabecular orientation directs stress across bones, aiding in strength and resilience.
Developmental and Physiological Conditions
- Conditions like achondroplasia result in abnormal bone growth due to slow epiphyseal cartilage development, leading to short limbs.
- Body proportions differ between sexes due to the influence of sex hormones on bone growth.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the functions and components of the skeletal system with this flashcard quiz from Anatomy Summer Class Chapter 5. Review major functions such as support and blood calcium regulation, as well as the various tissues found in bones.
