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Anatomy Summer Class Chapter 5
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Anatomy Summer Class Chapter 5

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@PatriLavender

Questions and Answers

Which is a major function of the skeletal system?

  • Support of the body (correct)
  • Protection of organs
  • Blood cell production
  • Movement

    • The skeletal system participates in ________.

    maintaining blood calcium levels

    In addition to osseous tissue, a typical bone contains ________.

  • Other connective tissues
  • Smooth muscle tissues (in blood vessel walls)
  • Neural tissues
  • All of the above (correct)

    • Which of the following is produced within red bone marrow?

    <p>Blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osseous tissue is classified as which of the following?

    <p>Connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Organic components of the matrix of bone include ________.

    <p>collagen fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mature bone cells that maintain and monitor the protein and mineral content of the surrounding matrix are called ________.

    <p>osteocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell divides to produce daughter cells that can differentiate readily after a bone is cracked or broken?

    <p>osteoprogenitor cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The function of an osteoclast in osseous tissue is ________.

    <p>to dissolve old bone matrix and release amino acids and the stored calcium and phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A bone cell that secretes the organic components of bone matrix is ________.

    <p>an osteoblast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a special characteristic of spongy bone?

    <p>trabecula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In osseous tissue, which of the following is always removing matrix and releasing minerals?

    <p>Osteoclasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The epiphyseal cartilage connects to the diaphysis by a narrow zone called the ________.

    <p>metaphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Layers of bone that occur at the external and internal surfaces of the bone are referred to as ________.

    <p>circumferential lamellae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two types of osseous tissue are ________.

    <p>spongy and compact bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Spongy bone is made up of a network of bony spicules arranged into parallel struts or thick, branching plates called ________.

    <p>trabeculae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Perforating canals ________.

    <p>transmit blood vessels to osteons deep inside the bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a central canal?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The endosteum is best described as ________.

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The periosteum ________.

    <p>covers the outside of bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Roofing bones of the skull form via ________ ossification.

    <p>intramembranous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is/are TRUE of the growth of the skeleton?

    <p>It begins to ossify at six weeks of gestational age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endochondral ossification begins with ________.

    <p>hyaline cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regarding long bone formation, bone development proceeds from the ________ in the shaft.

    <p>primary ossification center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The deposit of calcium salts within a tissue is called ________.

    <p>calcification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following occurs during endochondral ossification?

    <p>The bone grows in length and in diameter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During endochondral bone formation, ________.

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A long bone increases in length until ________.

    <p>epiphyseal closure occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of the chondrocytes that are present where bone is forming?

    <p>They die and disintegrate, leaving cavities within the cartilage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bones have a vascular supply that is ________.

    <p>very extensive, including many arteries and veins branching throughout the bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes how bones are innervated?

    <p>The periosteum, endosteum, medullary cavity, and epiphyses are innervated by sensory nerves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of marrow cavity enlargement in a long bone?

    <p>As bone matrix is added to the external surface, osteoclasts remove matrix in the center of the bone to enlarge the cavity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a long bone that was found at an archaeological dig contained functional epiphyseal plates, what inference is most accurate?

    <p>The person was not mature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased levels of calcium in the blood of a pregnant woman would stimulate the secretion of ________, which would increase calcium loss in the urine.

    <p>calcitonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do hormones regulate the pattern of bone growth?

    <p>They change the rates of osteoblast and osteoclast activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following acts on the intestine, requiring calcitriol production by the kidneys?

    <p>parathyroid hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the active form of calcitriol?

    <p>vitamin D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each year, approximately ________ of the adult skeleton is demolished and then rebuilt or replaced.

    <p>1/5 (20%)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bone mass reduction occurs initially between the ages of ________.

    <p>30-40</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is important as a stimulus that maintains normal bone structure, especially in growing children, postmenopausal women, and elderly men?

    <p>regular exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The degenerative effects of osteoporosis are most likely to affect ________.

    <p>older women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A fracture of a bone that is the result of a twisting stress that spreads along the length of the bone is called a(n) ________.

    <p>spiral fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following type of fracture produces new and abnormal bone arrangements?

    <p>displaced fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A break in a bone is called ________.

    <p>a fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Treating a compound fracture differs from other fractures most significantly due to ________.

    <p>risk of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During track and field practice one of the runners trips over a hurdle and falls forward. Fortunately, he is able to break his fall with his hands. However, he stands up holding his wrist in pain. What type of fracture might he have sustained?

    <p>Colles fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An example of a pneumatized bone is the ________.

    <p>ethmoid bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a classification of bone shape?

    <p>sesamoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an irregular bone?

    <p>vertebra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Small, flat, oddly shaped bones that develop between the flat bones of the skull are called ________.

    <p>sutural bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The scapula is an example of what type of bone?

    <p>flat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A shallow depression on the surface of a bone is called a ________.

    <p>fossa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Processes that form where tendons or ligaments attach to a bone include ________.

    <p>trochanters, tuberosities, and tubercles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is most likely to have a nerve pass through it?

    <p>foramen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic procedure detects abnormalities in synovial fluid?

    <p>arthrocentesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium phosphate interacts with ________ to form hydroxyapatite.

    <p>calcium hydroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The yellow marrow that fills the medullary cavities of many bones is dominated by ________.

    <p>adipocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Because they are strong and relatively inflexible, ________ enable bone to withstand the stress of compression.

    <p>calcium phosphate crystals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Because they resist stretch, the ________ fibers provide the tensile strength of bone.

    <p>collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The walls of bones are composed of ________.

    <p>compact bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ are struts or plates within spongy bone which assist in withstanding stresses in a specific direction.

    <p>trabeculae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The physical process of bone formation is called ________.

    <p>osteogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As a long bone develops, the point where osteoblasts first replace calcified cartilage with spongy bone becomes the ________, from which further development proceeds.

    <p>primary ossification center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As cartilage enlarges in step 1 of endochondral ossification, ________ near the center of the shaft increase in size.

    <p>chondrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vessels supplying blood to the inner (diaphyseal) surface of each epiphyseal plate, where bone is replacing cartilage, are called ________ vessels.

    <p>metaphyseal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood vessels that supply the ends of long bones are called ________ vessels.

    <p>epiphyseal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An individual with otherwise normal features, but having very short limbs, may have a condition known as ________, in which epiphyseal cartilages grow unusually slowly.

    <p>achondroplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Differences in body size and proportions between males and females result from the different effects of ________, which affect(s) the growth of the bones.

    <p>sex hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The simultaneous process of adding new bone and removing previously formed bone is called ________.

    <p>bone remodeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After a fracture occurs, a(n) ________ forms as a network of spongy bone unites the inner edges.

    <p>internal callus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A(n) ________ fracture occurs at the ankle and affects both leg bones.

    <p>Pott</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diploë is spongy bone found in ________ bones.

    <p>flat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A prominent ridge on a bone is called a(n) ________.

    <p>crest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A small, flat articular surface is a ________.

    <p>facet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An extension of a bone that is set at an angle to the rest of the bone is usually called a ________.

    <p>ramus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A smooth, grooved articular process, shaped like a pulley, is a(n) ________.

    <p>trochlea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A chamber within a bone, normally filled with air, is a(n) ________.

    <p>sinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The expanded articular end of an epiphysis, separated from the shaft by a narrower neck, is a(n) ________.

    <p>head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An elongated cleft is a(n) ________.

    <p>fissure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A ________ is a smooth rounded articular process.

    <p>condyle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The perforating canals of osteons extend roughly perpendicular to the surface of a bone.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The central canal of an osteon usually runs parallel to the surface of a bone.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lacuna contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The central canals connect the lacunae to one another.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The endosteum is usually many layers thick.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The diaphysis is the region at each end of a long bone.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Periosteum lines the medullary cavity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Periosteum covers the outer surface of a bone.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The metaphysis is the tubular shaft of a long bone.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A displaced fracture retains the normal alignment of the bone elements or fragments.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A compression fracture occurs particularly in vertebrae subjected to extreme stress, such as when landing on the sacrum after a fall.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A transverse fracture is produced by twisting stresses and spreads along the length of the bone.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flat bones have a diaphysis, two metaphyses, two epiphyses, and a medullary cavity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of tissue(s) would most likely be found in a tissue sample taken from the interior of the epiphysis of the femur?

    <p>Spongy bone makes up the internal framework of the epiphyses of the femur. Also found here are extensive areas of red bone marrow (important sites of blood cell formation) filling in the spaces of the spongy bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the orientation of the trabeculae in spongy bone? Provide a specific example, discussing how trabecular structure lends to its function(s).

    <p>Trabeculae grow in response to stresses on the bone, to act as buttresses in the bone; therefore, they align at right angles to the direction of the stress. For example, the trabeculae in the proximal epiphysis of the femur are oriented along the stress lines, but with extensive cross-bracing. This trabecular alignment functions in transferring forces from the hip across the metaphysis to the femoral shaft; at the distal epiphysis, the trabeculae direct the forces across the knee joint to the leg. In addition to reducing weight and handling stress from many directions, the open trabecular framework provides support and protection for the cells of the bone marrow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an extensive exercise program affect the appearance of the skeleton? Why do these changes occur?

    <p>Because bones are adaptable, their shapes and surface features reflect the forces applied to them. For example, bumps and ridges on the surface of a bone mark the sites where tendons attach to the bone. If muscles become more powerful, as what happens as a result of an extensive exercise program, the corresponding bumps and ridges enlarge to withstand the increased forces. Heavily stressed bones become thicker and stronger, whereas, bones not subjected to ordinary stresses will become thin and brittle. Regular exercise is therefore important as a stimulus that maintains normal bone structure, especially in growing children, postmenopausal women, and elderly men.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A boy returns to school to begin 7th grade after summer vacation only to find that he is at least four inches taller than several classmates that were the same height as him before the summer. Propose a reason for such a difference.

    <p>The boy has most likely entered puberty and his classmates have not. He has experienced rapid growth as a result of increasing sex hormone levels in his body. These hormones stimulate osteoblasts to produce bone faster than the rate of epiphyseal cartilage expansion. Over time, the epiphyseal cartilages will narrow and eventually ossify, or 'close.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Major Functions of the Skeletal System

    • Provides structural support for the body.
    • Aids in maintaining blood calcium levels.

    Composition of Bone

    • Contains multiple tissue types including osseous (bone) tissue, connective tissues, smooth muscle (in blood vessels), and neural tissues.
    • Blood cells are produced in red bone marrow.

    Bone Cell Types and Functions

    • Osseous tissue is a subtype of connective tissue.
    • Osteocytes maintain and monitor the surrounding bone matrix.
    • Osteoprogenitor cells can differentiate to assist in bone healing after fractures.
    • Osteoclasts dissolve old bone matrix, releasing minerals and amino acids.
    • Osteoblasts secrete organic components of the bone matrix.

    Bone Structure Characteristics

    • Spongy bone features trabeculae, a network of bony spicules.
    • Circumferential lamellae are layers found at the external and internal surfaces of bones.
    • Perforating canals transmit blood vessels deep into bone.
    • Central canals (Haversian canals) run parallel to osteons and contain blood vessels.

    Bone Growth and Development

    • Endochondral ossification starts with hyaline cartilage.
    • Bone development begins at the primary ossification center.
    • Epiphyseal cartilage allows for the growth of long bones until epiphyseal closure occurs.
    • Bone remodeling involves simultaneous deposition and resorption of bone.

    Hormonal Regulation

    • Parathyroid hormone stimulates the intestines and requires calcitriol for calcium absorption.
    • Calcitonin secretions increase urine calcium loss.

    Bone Healing and Fractures

    • An internal callus forms to unite the edges of a fracture.
    • Specific types of fractures include spiral (caused by twisting stress), displaced (producing new bone arrangements), and Colles fractures (common wrist injury).

    Bone Structure and Classification

    • Bones can be classified by shape, including sesamoid, flat (like the scapula), irregular (like vertebra), and sutural bones.
    • Diaphysis refers to the tubular shaft of long bones, while metaphysis is at each end.
    • The epiphyseal plate is critical for growth in length.

    Importance of Physical Activity

    • Regular exercise maintains and promotes normal bone structure, especially in children and elderly populations.
    • Exercise induces changes in bone density and size due to the adaptive nature of bone tissue.

    Aging and Bone Health

    • Bone mass reduction is common between ages 30-40, and osteoporosis predominantly affects older women.
    • Extensive vascular supply in bones includes numerous arteries and veins, essential for bone health and repair.

    Anatomical Features and Terminology

    • Important structures include fossa (depressions), trochanters, tuberosities (tendon/ligament attachment sites), foramen (nerve passage), and various types of projections.
    • The transformation and adaptation of bones occur continuously, influenced by mechanical stress and physiological changes.

    Summary of Key Processes

    • Osteogenesis is the physical process of bone formation, leading to the development and adaptation of bone structures.
    • Trabecular orientation directs stress across bones, aiding in strength and resilience.

    Developmental and Physiological Conditions

    • Conditions like achondroplasia result in abnormal bone growth due to slow epiphyseal cartilage development, leading to short limbs.
    • Body proportions differ between sexes due to the influence of sex hormones on bone growth.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of the functions and components of the skeletal system with this flashcard quiz from Anatomy Summer Class Chapter 5. Review major functions such as support and blood calcium regulation, as well as the various tissues found in bones.

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